The FBI Essay Example For Students

The FBI Essay The FBITo uphold the law through the investigation of violations of federal riminallaw; to protect the U.S. from foreign intelligence and terrorist activities; toprovide leadership and law enforcement assistance to federal, state, local, andinternational agencies; and to perform these responsibilities in a manner thatis responsive to the needs of the public and is faithful to the constitution ofthe U.S.: this is the mission of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The agency now known as the Federal Bureau of Investigation was foundedin 1908 when the Attorney General appointed an unnamed force of Special Agentsto be the investigative force of the Department of Justice (DOJ). Before thattime, the DOJ had to borrow Agents from the U.S. Secret Service to investigateviolations of federal criminal laws within its jurisdiction. In 1909, theSpecial Agent Force was renamed the Bureau of Investigation, and after a seriesof name changes, it received its present official name in 1935. We will write a custom essay on The FBI specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now During the early period of the FBIs history, its agents investigatedviolations of mainly bankruptcy frauds, antitrust crime, and neutralityviolation. During World War One, the Bureau was given the responsibility ofinvestigating espionage, sabotage, sedition (resistance against lawfulauthority), and draft violations. The passage of the National Motor VehicleTheft Act in 1919 further broadened the Bureaus jurisdiction. After the passage of Prohibition in 1920, the gangster era began, bringingabout a whole new type of crime. Criminals engaged in kidnapping and bankrobbery, which were not federal crimes at that time. This changed in 1932 withthe passage of a federal kidnapping statute. In 1934, many other federalcriminal statutes were passed, and Congress gave Special Agents the authority tomake arrests and to carry firearms. The FBIs size and jurisdiction during the second World War increasedgreatly and included intelligence matters in South America. With the end of thatwar, and the arrival of the Atomic Age, the FBI began conducting backgroundsecurity investigations for the White House and other government agencies, aswell as probes into internal security matters for the executive branch of thegovernment. In the 1960s, civil rights and organized crime became major concerns of theFBI, and counterterrorism, drugs, financial crime, and violent crimes in the1970s. These are still the major concerns of the FBI, only now it is to agreater extent.. With all of this responsibility, it is logical to say that the FBI is afield-oriented organization. They have nine divisions and four offices at FBIHeadquarters in Washington, D.C. These divisions and offices provide directionand support services to 56 field offices and approximately 10,100 Special Agentsand 13,700 other employees. Each FBI field office is overseen by a SpecialAgent in Charge, except for those located in New York City and Washington, D.C. Due to their large size, those offices are each managed by an Assistant Directorin Charge. FBI field offices conduct their official business both directly from theirheadquarters and through approximately 400 satellite offices, known as residentagencies. The FBI also operates specialized field installations: two RegionalComputer Support Centers; one in Pocatello, Idaho, and one in Fort Monmouth, NewJersey and two Information technology Centers (ITCs); one at Butte, Montana,and one at Savannah, Georgia. The ITCs provide information services to supportfield investigative and administrative operations. Because they do have so much responsibility, their investigative authorityis the broadest of all federal law enforcement agencies. The FBI also stresseslong term, complex investigation, emphasize close relations and informationsharing with other federal, state, local, and foreign law enforcement andintelligence agencies. A significant number of FBI investigations are conductedwith other law enforcement agencies or as part of joint task forces. .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985 , .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985 .postImageUrl , .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985 , .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985:hover , .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985:visited , .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985:active { border:0!important; } .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985:active , .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985 .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nelson Mandela EssayAs part of this process, the FBI has divided its investigations into thefollowing programs:Applicant ProgramDepartment of Energy and Nuclear RegulatoryCommission ApplicantsDepartment of justice CandidatesFBI Special Agents and Support Applicantsand othersCivil Rights ProgramCivil Rights Act of 1964Discrimination in HousingEqual Credit Opportunity ActCounterterrorism ProgramHostage takingSabotageAttempted of Actual Bombingsand othersFinancial Crime ProgramBank Fraud and EmbezzlementEnvironmental CrimesFraud Against the Governmentand othersForeign Counterintelligence ProgramsEspionageForeign Counterintelligence MattersOrganized Crime/Drug ProgramDrug Matt ersMoney LaunderingOrganized Crime/Drug Enforcement Task Force Mattersand othersViolent Crimes and Major Offenders ProgramTheft of Government PropertyCrime Aboard AircraftKidnapping Extortionand othersThese programs cover most everything that the FBI investigates, and someindividual cases in a program often receives extensive investigative attentionbecause of their size, potential impact, or sensitivity. Because FBI Special Agents are responsible for handling so manydifferent things, they have to go through rigorous training in the followingareas: Academics, Firearms, Physical Training/Defense Tactics, and PracticalExercises. Within these four major areas are components like interviewingtechniques, communications, computer skills, and drug investigations. Altogether there are 15 components in the four areas I listed previously. Theyreceive all of this training at the FBI academy in Quantico, Virginia and mustcomplete 645 hours (15 weeks) of instruction before they graduate. The training in the academy is difficult, but those who have made itthere have already passed the first test. To qualify for training as an FBIAgent, you must be:1. a U.S. citizen2. between the ages of 23 and 37 when entering on duty;3. hold a bachelors degree obtained in an accredited four-year resident program at a college or university; and4. have three years full-time work experience, or fluency in a language for which the Bureau has a need for. After graduation from the FBI Academy, a new Special Agent is assignedto an FBI field office. This assignment is determined by the individualsspecial skills and the needs of the bureau. As part of their duties, SpecialAgents are required to relocate during their careers. Special Agents enterservice in Grade GS 10 on the federal governments General Schedule pay scale andcan advance to Grade 13 in field assignment. In our society today, one of the most important things to us is oursafety. Organizations like the FBI help protect us and investigate crimes tohelp prevent future ones. Their motto is Fidelity, Bravery, and Integrity, andI think that each one of those words is justified when it comes to describingthe Federal Bureau of Investigation. When the duties of the FBI are stated inthe mission it says to perform these duties in a manner that is responsive tothe needs of the public and is faithful to the Constitution of the United States. . Law

Psalm 145

Psalm 145 Free Online Research Papers Psalm 145 David is praising God and telling of the coming praise from His people after they see His glory and what He provides for them. Outline: I. David is telling that he will praise God forever and lift Him on high (v. 1). II. David is telling God that he will praise His name daily forever (v. 2). III. No one truly knows the greatness of the Lord and just how worthy of praise He is (v. 3). IV. The people will pass along the greatness of the Lord to future generations and tell them of His greatness (v. 4). V. We will tell of how great the Lord’s works are and be amazed at just how great He can be to us (v. 5). VI. The people will talk about and tell others how powerful the Lord is and tell about things He has done for them (v. 6). VII. The people will celebrate the Lord’s goodness to them by singing praises to Him (v. 7). VIII. The Lord is forgiving and loves us regardless of what we do if we ask for His forgiveness (v. 8). IX. The Lord is compassionate to us and is good to you regardless of how we may at times treat Him or seem ungrateful for the greatness He has given us (v. 9). X. The Lord’s followers will speak of His greatness to others and praise Him for what He has blessed them with (v. 10). XI. We will tell of the greatness of heaven and tell of what the Lord can do for all the believe in Him (v. 11). Research Papers on Psalm 145Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2The Spring and Autumn19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraStandardized TestingWhere Wild and West MeetMind TravelGenetic EngineeringTwilight of the UAWThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Mary Wilkins-Freeman Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mary Wilkins-Freeman - Research Paper Example Mary Wilkins Freeman is considered as one of the earliest feminist writers and placed at the same category with the writers like Harriet Beecher Stowe and  Sarah Orne Jewett. Critics find her work many a times quite provincial and they claim they are too oriented to New England. But new critics find an inherent feminist call in all her works. There is a story of struggle and women empowerment in all her stories that mark and initiate the trajectory of modern women and feminist discourse. Freeman’s story projects series of character and she is famous for her art of characterization. Critics view that the stories of Wilkins presents Randolph neighbourhood. This essay intends to study the characters from the stories, ‘New England Nun’, ‘A Church Mouse’, ‘Old Woman Magoun’ and his famous story, ‘The Revolt of Mother’ which was also broadcasted and dramatized in PBS in the recent past, and relates the lives of the protagonist of these stories with that of Wilkins and explores the reflection of the life of an individual writer made universal and relative through the immense and intense portrayal of life-like characters. Comparative Study of the Protagonists of Short Stories: New England Nun, A Church Mouse, The Revolt of Mother and Old Woman Magoun and Analysis of their Life with that of Wilkins’ Own Story To analyse the conflict of paradoxical voices within conscience of the protagonists of the stories like ‘New England Nun’, ‘A Church Mouse’, The Revolt of Mother’ and ‘Old Woman Magoun’ and to establish relative contexts with that of the Wilkins’ life, it is important to have a brief look at the writer’s life and these stories individually. A close look at the life of Wilkins enables the reader to understand the kind of struggle the woman has undergone and as a first generation working woman the kind of struggle she had to face in order to strike the balance between her profession and family. As a writer and a conscious citizen, she had a pertinent rebellious spirit captivated within her body and therefore had to fight a consistent and relentless battle between her inner voice that always had tried to stand against the orthodox social and religious constraints and the other voice did not permit out to be a staunch rebel and instead guided her to the path of calm domesticity. Torn asunder under the paradoxes of self and inner conscience, Mary Wilkins Freeman chosen the medium of literature to speak out her mind and aware the society of her thoughts. Under these circumstances of writer’s life it is quite pertinent that the reflections of these paradoxes are deciphered in the characters of her stories. â€Å"New England Nun† is a story of a woman named Lousia Ellis and the story was published in the year 1891. The protagonist of the story is Louisa Ellis, who has spend a major portion of her life alone wit h her pet dog Caesar whom she thinks better to be chained always as it had bitten a neighbour when it was a puppy. Lousia is shown eccentric by nature who is always obsessed with cleanliness of her home and is shown wearing double apron and busy in cleaning her house, books and she prefers to eat in her clean china every day. Lousia promised her beloved, Joe Dagget before leaving for fortune hunting to Australia that she will marry her. After 14 years when

School Board Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

School Board Policies - Essay Example While schools should not appear to be fortresses, some sort of perimeter security might have alerted school officials. Finally, the matter of internal campus security is impacted by these events. While teachers and students acted very bravely to prevent loss of life, there was no â€Å"lock-down† procedure in place. What follows is a section on proactive planning for a violent emergency, and one about attenuating the possibility of such an occurrence through counseling or anonymous reporting schemes. In terms of policy actions, all of this is good; but none of it would have prevented the Red Lake incident. A crisis document that included a lockdown procedure might have saved some lives; and a policy of mentoring or other intervention in the lives of youth who exhibit anti-social behavior at school might have made an impact on Jeff Wise. At the school board policy level, however, there is a severe limitation when an individual decides to arm himself, crash onto campus in a police vehicle, and start shooting. The question for the writers of policy will be the balance between security and freedom. If we put a military-style, guarded perimeter around schools that are festooned with security personnel and no privacy at all for the students, the probability of another school shooting incident will certainly go down. The cost of that assurance will be high, however, as our children learn to fear everything and everybody.

Public Attitudes to Youth Crime Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Public Attitudes to Youth Crime - Case Study Example The report involved applying a qualitative approach to research in which 125 participants were engaged; of which 68 were female while 57 were male. All the participants were between 18 and 76 years of age. A focus group methodology was then applied to analyzing the diversity and range of community attitudes towards youth perpetrated crime, and the reasons underlying the presented views. The article identified youth delinquency and antisocial behavior as a major source of concern and contributor to local crime statistics. Youth groups that often hang around neighborhoods and public spaces are described as intimidating presences that start out being moderately petty annoyances and disruptive in behavior, before moving on to behavior that could be intentionally intimidating and offensive, before graduating to committing outright violence. Antisocial behavior was also presented when the youth engaged in vandalism, damaged cars, smashed windows and place graffiti on public spaces. The art icle further argues that the local community had failed on curtailing youth delinquency and antisocial behavior, by failing to discipline the youth they condoned the behavior and allowed the youth to graduate into worse forms of delinquency. The local community and parents were not the only groups’ assigned blame for youth delinquency and antisocial behavior, the weak and ineffectual criminal justice system was also assigned blame. Poor parenting and the diminished sense of community were specifically identified as the major factors that allowed the youth to grow up without the understanding that their actions had consequences or respect for authority.

Development of Buildability and Constructability

Development of Buildability and Constructability What is buildability or constructability? Is design for buildability or constructability is approachable? Can buildability concepts and theories enhance designers awareness of construction knowledge and buildability issues and reduce rework and increase construction productivity? , or can it inadvertently limit designers creativity? At the heart of this review paper are debates about the potential of buildability concept and the usability of construction knowledge in design to sustain and develop buildable designs. Construction is the worlds largest and most challenging industry [R. L. Tucker, 1986]. In 1997, the US construction industry accounted for 10% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employed over 10 Million, making the industry the largest in the country [E. Allmon, C. T. Hass, J. D. Borcherding and P. M. Goodrum, 2000]. On the other hand, a 10% increase in construction labour productivity would yield annual savings of about  £1 Billion to the British economy [R. M. W. Horner, B. T. Talhouni and H. R. Thomas, (1989).]; a similar conclusion was echoed by Stoekel and Quirke [S. Adams, (1989).]. Several factors affect project productivity but, buildability is among the most important [R. M. W. Horner, B. T. Talhouni and H. R. Thomas, 1989)., S. Adams, (1989)]. In practice, design and construction processes are normally carried out in a sequential manner. Since 1805 the construction industry has benefited from the various advantages this approach (Dunican, 1984). It allows the different parties in the project to compete and provide the best results for the project while defending and upholding their rights and duties within their respective disciplines (Griffith, 1986). Although the separation of design and construction allows the construction processes to be managed systematically between the various stages and disciplines, the industry is still being criticised for poor performance, being under productive, lack of competitiveness, and consuming longer product development time. Various studies have revealed that since 1950, the construction industry has realised the important of analysing design for construction implications, if the production work on site is to be effectively performed (Gray,1986). To overcome this inherent problems from the separation of design and construction, a concept known as buildability in the UK and constructability in USA is established and marketed to the industry (Illingworth, 1984; CIRIA, 1983; NEDO, 1975; Griffith, 1985; Gray, 1983; Moore, 1996). By using the buildability concept as a means to improve the construction industry, many ideas have been put forward by various researchers to remove the disadvantages of separating the design and construction process (Illingworth, 1983; CIRIA, 1983; CII, 1986; Tatum, 1987). The issue of buildability and academic research in the field for that matter has been an evolving one over the last three decades; moulded by reaction to changes in the procurement environment and in the case of academic buildability research, to advancements in the science of methodology. Regarding the latter, developing techniques such as neural networks, fuzzy decision making, buildability scores system and 3d/4d technology technologies have witnessed application among a range of assessing buildabilty problems (ref.). This paper will review and synthesise the existing research efforts in order to establish state of the art collective knowledge in relation to buildability problems causes and effects. It aims to create two separate taxonomies, which are comprehensive collections of all project change causes and change effects identified in previous studies. A simple case study is presented to demonstrate how the taxonomies provide a useful framework for construction professionals to manage project changes. However, they are not management tools that can be used directly in practice. Instead, they provide a basis for developing project management solutions and toolkits. While the industry focus of this study is construction, the developed taxonomies can be modified and adopted for other project-based industrial sectors (change). Aim and objectives of this study This backcloth of evolvement brings matters conveniently to the focus of this study, the aim of which was to critically appraise academic research within the field of construction buildability, published over a time window of circa 30 years prior to 2011. Objectives related to this aim included particular consideration of: (1) the foci of that research; (2) stated research drivers; (3) favoured methodological approaches; (4) research tools employed; and (5) the products of research effort. Buildability assessment method (6) Buildability attributes Based on observation of outcomes resulting from satisfying these objectives, the contribution of published academic research is considered, and future research direction intimated. The literature review: The principal method for this study is literature review and analysis. A preliminary review found that studies on buildability assessment fall into a broad spectrum, covering buildability problems causes and effects, buildability attributes, as well as assessment methods and techniques. Given the large volume of published work, there was a need to set a limit to the scope of the review. The study was chosen to focus on buildability assessment models and the stages of its implementation, because a good understanding of buildability models is a prerequisite for effective. Such a decision excluded papers from the review. The targeted literature sources are limited to refereed academic journals, published in English. They are a good representation of the breadth and depth of research achievements; and they have been scrutinised through peer review. In recent years, most academic journals began to provide online access. The emergence of a number of publication index databases has greatly assisted the literature search task. As for the date of publication, no explicit restriction was set. However, because few pre 1990s publications were covered by the online index databases the number of papers identified for that period is very small. This will be revealed in the following analyses. Development of buildability and constructability concept: The word buildability appears to have first entered the language in the late nineteen seventies [D. W. Cheetham and J. Lewis, (2001).]. Concerns on the disparate phases in building development was raised in the early 1960s when a series of studies, such as Emmerson (1962), Banwell (1964), Tavistock (1965), EDC (1967) and NEDO (1975), were carried out in the UK. The issue of buildability and academic research in the field for that matter has been an evolving one over the last three decades; moulded by reaction to changes in the procurement environment and in the case of academic buildability research, to advancements in the science of methodology. Regarding the latter, developing techniques such as neural networks, fuzzy decision making, buildability scores system and 3d/4d technology technologies have witnessed application among a range of assessing buildabilty problems (ref.). To gain a better understanding of buildability problems, especially their causes and effects, has been a long-standing research challenge. Emmerson Report: An early attempt to address buildability can be credited to Sir Harold Emmerson (1962) when he suggested the development of a new form of relationship between designers and constructors. The point of concern was the lack of cohesion between designers and constructors and the inability of both parties to see the whole construction process through each others eyes. The report was the first that has emphasised that the inefficiencies in the construction industry stemmed from inadequacies of communications and coordination. The quality of the relationship between the professions and subcontractors was seen as affecting the efficiency of building operations. Emmerson criticised the lack of cohesion existing within the industry. Banwell Report: In the UK, since the Emmerson Report (1962), numerous researches had been carried out to identify the causes of buildability problems and search for solutions for improvement. Banwell 1964 highlighted the fragmented characteristics of the industry and inefficient designs produced by designers deficient in construction knowledge without involvement of contractors. Banwell 1964 suggested that: design and construction must be considered together and that in the traditional contracting situation, the contractor is too far removed from the design stage at which his specialised knowledge and techniques could be put to invaluable use The report called for more attention to be given to pre-contract planning and design formulation and criticised professionalism as being narrow sighted, giving rise to unnecessary and inefficient construction practices. It was suggested that: clients define their building requirements clearly at the start of the design stage; the building process should better integrate the stages of design and construction; and that traditional construction practices should be reviewed to seek interdisciplinary approach. A subsequent study (Economic Development Council 1967) reported that the recommendations made in the Banwell Report had not been successfully implemented within the construction industry and that flexible approaches to traditional procedures should be sought and new initiatives developed if meaningful change within the industry was to be achieved. The Wood Report in the mid-1970s (National Economic Development Office 1975) suggested that in the decade following the Emmerson and Banwell reports some improvements had been made in the quest for integrating better the processes of design and construction. In general however, the original problems remained and it was suggested that efforts should be directed towards increasing the level of awareness for the problems and designing measures to bring together the design and construction processes such that the construction stage might directly capitalise on design initiatives. Tavistock: Later, the report of the Tavistock (1965) highlighted that the causes of the communication problems between contracting parties could be attributable to the division of responsibilities and the pattern of relationships. Since then, the need to integrate disparate development phases has triggered a large number of studies in different countries. Griffith: Griffith (1984) suggested inviting construction expertise early at the design stage, using contractual arrangements that facilitate the improvement of buildability. Griffith (1984) further pointed out that the capability of project management embracing suitable procurement approaches would contribute to improved buildability with concomitant benefits for overall project performance. Griffith and Sidwell (1997) also maintained that decisions taken early in a projects life cycle have greater potential to influence the final outcome of the project, based on the Pareto Principle. Griffith and Sidwell (1997) highlighted that buildability must be considered from the first notional idea suggested by the client, and is quite simply a prerequisite throughout what may be considered to be a staged process. Griffith and Sidwell [17] identified several similar problems, which are lack of consideration on interrelationship between different construction elements and skills required; and less flexibility of design and leeway within design details for materials, components, plants and craft tolerances. Constructability includes number of activities during all project life cycle phases. Griffith Sidwell (1995) believe that application of these activities during early stages of total construction projects causes more influences on overall cost and value. Constructability must always remain as the ingenious thinking throughout the project life cycle to overcome project difficulties and barriers. Griffith Sidwell (1997) illustrate some of these difficulties such as low level of awareness; demarcation; lack of incentives; reticence; and competitive stance adopted by construction professionals. So identification, mitigation and review of constructability barriers and barrier-breakers, which affect directly on efficiently implementation of a constructability program, is a must during project life cycle (OConnor Miller, 1994, 1995). Griffith (1987) suggested a compromise between consciously making the design more buildable and accommodating the many factors imparting an influence upon design, including quality, aesthetics, time and cost. It is essential to consider constructability at an early stage in the total construction process, because the ability to influence project cost, and so value for money, from the client s viewpoint, diminish as the project progresses in time. (Griffith Sidwell, 1995). Construction projects can be divided into different stages as conceptual planning and briefing, design, procurement, construction and post construction (start up and use) (Alan Griffith Sidwell, 1995). Generally, there are many all-around benefits of good constructability; these are measurable not only in cost and time, but also in terms of the physiological and psychological gains for the participants in the total construction process (Alan Griffith Sidwell, 1995). Griffith (1987) suggested a compromise between consciously making the design more buildable and accommodating the many factors imparting an influence upon design including quality, aesthetics, time, and cost. Methods should be sought to improve constructability by designing for economical use of labor and widely available and versatile tools, plant and equipment. Griffith (1984 1985) also added that managerial aspects have the greatest potential to increase productivity and achieve good buildability. A subsequent research study (Griffith 1984; Griffith 1985a) was similarly narrow in scope, but recognised in its findings the fundamental weakness in focusing narrowly on the attributes of design to aid construction on site. It was suggested that concentrating on design was important, but that project site and management-based factors must also be considered. The difficulties surrounding the determination of conceptual boundaries for buildability have been discussed in further studies (Bishop 1985; Griffith 1985b).It was the narrow focus, together with the complexities of the traditional contractual processes, that led to the diminishing interest in buildability concepts within the UK construction industry during the late 1980s. Creating a building that is easier to construct cannot be the sole aim of the client (Griffith Sidwell 1995). Further research by Griffith and Sidwell (1995) presents an outline for developing a constructability strategy at each key stage of the construction process. This considers many of the factors suggested by Chen and McGeorge. This approach sought to stimulate creative thought about the nature of each stage such that important questions and considerations about the building process would not be missed and to encourage action to be taken by the respective participants to pursue constructability. In the strategic consideration of constructability it is likely that future research and practice might focus on: the more holistic view of constructability to develop more encompassing strategies to be developed for considering constructability at each stage in the total building process; the concentration on a fewer number of factors which influence constructability such that greater reliability can be built in to the strategies developed; and the formulation of management methods that are readily adaptable to the individual project situation, including non-traditionally procured projects. CIRIA: Thereafter, the Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) (1983) in the UK introduced the concept of buildability and the Construction Industry Institute (CII) (1986) in the US developed the notion of constructability. The CIRIA (1983) defined buildability as the extent to which the design of a building facilitates ease of construction, subject to the overall requirements for the completed building. It indicates the importance of design considerations geared towards buildability improvement. Subsequently, a similar concept of constructability was introduced by the CII (1986) as the optimum use of construction knowledge and experience in planning, design, and procurement and field operations to achieve overall project objectives. It dealt with the optimal integration of construction expertise and experience at various project stages to achieve the overall project goals. Since then, numerous studies have been conducted in order to strive for better project perf ormance through improving buildability. For examples, Francis et al. (1999) found that better buildability could contribute to early completion of projects; Jergeas and Put (2001) as well as Low and Abeyegoonasekera (2001) showed that buildable designs would lead to saving in project costs and costs of change orders; others such as Trigunarsyah (2004a, 2004b) and Low (2001) pointed out that buildable designs would bring about improved quality and safety performance, as well as higher productivity levels, and mitigate the risks of unforeseen problems. Despite these developments, it has become evident that the progress of resolving buildability problems is still unsatisfactory. Construction industry review reports typically found contractors having little input into the design (Egan, 1998), or consultants putting little emphasis on buildability (CIRC, 2001). The ensuing review by Wolstenholme (2009) of the UK construction industry also points to the need for better integration of the construction supply chain using a whole life cycle approach. More specifically, some good examples of involving the contractors early in the design process have been cited, indicating the need to improve buildability. In view of these findings, a set of principles targeted at designers under the traditional procurement system was drawn up by the Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA). Following the reports of Emmerson and Banwell, the Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) supported a major research initiative to investigate what they regarded to be, the principal problems of construction practice. Their attention focused on a concept which they referred to as buildability, suggesting that building designs were not providing value for money in terms of the efficiency and effectiveness in the way in which the building process was then being carried out (change). The report of their investigations, Buildability: An Assessment, (CIRIA 1983) presented seven categories of buildability principles to: carry out thorough investigation and design; plan for essential site production requirements; plan for a practical sequence of operations and early enclosure; plan for simplicity of assembly and logical trade sequences; detail for maximum repetition and standardisation; detail for achievable tolerance; and specify robust and suitable materials. C IRIA stated that their methodological approach provided data that were too limited to be certain that the categories identified were final and universal, although they had sufficient confidence to publish the categories as provisional guidelines. It is from this original study that buildability research and practice evolved (change). The initial CIRIA report was followed by a further study (Adams 1989) in which the original seven categories of buildability principles were further developed to present 16, more definite, principles. This study is most purposeful since, although it still focuses on design, it does begin to widen the perspective of buildability and point the way towards recognising the true complexity and multifaceted nature of the issues involved. The first CIRIA study, while laudibly raising general awareness to the concepts and principles of buildability and therefore achieving its basic objective, was unfortunately restricted in focus. Egan Report: More recently, the Egan Report (1998) awakened attentions that the general buildability performance was far from being satisfactory. Contractors were also found to have little input into the design in the UKs construction scene, thus constituting a comparatively lower productivity figure for the industry (Graham and Bird, 2001). Egan (1998) claims that too much time is spent in construction on site trying to make design work in practice. He adds that contractors have little input into the design and this is indicative of a fundamental malaise in the industry the separation of design from the rest of the project. This is mainly because the traditional procurement method of design-bid-build remains rooted within the industry (Arditi et al. 2002; Song et al. 2009; Kent and Becerik- Gerber 2010). Egan (1998) subsequently encouraged longer term procurement relationships in favour of selective methods, as a mechanism to achieving quality and efficiency improvement; while in a second report (Egan, 2003), arguably rooted the term integrated supply chains into procurement dialogue. More recently, the Egan Report (1998) awakened attentions that the general buildability performance was far from being satisfactory. Contractors were also found to have little input into the design in the UKs construction scene, thus cons tituting a comparatively lower productivity figure for the industry (Graham and Bird, 2001). Over the years since the definition of buildability has been put forward by the CIRIA 1983, lots of studies have highlighted the prospective benefits to be brought about by improved constructability Arditi et al. 2002; McGeorge and Palmer 2002; CIRC 2001; Francis et al. 1999; CIIA 1996; CII 1986; Griffith 1984; Gray 1983. With the potential benefits as incentives, methods and practices have been proposed for more efficient designs minimizing construction wastages on site. However, as time passes by, the progress of resolving constructability problems is still regarded as being unsatisfactory CIRC 2001; Egan 1998. The underlying reasons are multifaceted Ma et al. 2001; Uhlik and Lores 1998; Griffith and Sidwell 1995; OConnor and Miller 1994, which have led to the current sluggish use of pull factors in the pursuit for better design constructability. More recently, push factors have been put in place by the Singaporean Government, which has enforced a legislation to enhance constructab ility by requiring minimum buildable scores to be attained before building plans are approved. The calculation of buildable scores is based on the buildable design appraisal system BDAS, which was modeled from the in-house buildability appraisal system of a major Japanese contractor, Takenaka Corporation Poh and Chen 1998. After the implementation of BDAS, follow-up studies have demonstrated the correlations between higher buildable scores and the improvements of site productivity, construction quality, and manpower consumption Lam 2002; Low 2001; Poh and Chen 1998. Buildability is a major issue across global construction industries and in particular the UK industry.

Refutation: The Story of Bigger Thomas ( Native Son ) :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Darryl Pinckney’s discerning critical essay, â€Å"Richard Wright: The Unnatural History of a Native Son,† Pinckney states that all of Wright’s books contain the themes of violence, inhumanity, rage, and fear. Wright writes about these themes because he expresses, in his books, his convictions about his own struggles with racial oppression, the â€Å"brutal realities of his early life.† Pinckney claims that Wright’s works are unique for Wright’s works did not attempt to incite whites to acknowledge blacks. Wright does not write to preach that blacks are equal to whites. The characters in Wright’s works, including Bigger Thomas from Native Son, are not all pure in heart; the characters have psychological burdens and act upon their burdens. For instance, Bigger Thomas, long under racial oppression, accidentally suffocates Mary Dalton in her room for fear that he will be discriminated against and charged with the r ape of Mary Dalton. Also, according to Pinckney, although the characters of Wright’s books are under these psychological burdens, they always have â€Å"futile hopes [and] desires.† At the end of Native Son, Bigger is enlightened by the way his lawyer Max treats him, with the respect of a human being. Bigger then desires nothing but to live, but he has been sentenced to death. Although Pinckney expresses many strong points in his critical essay, he also reveals weak points. For example, Pinckney mentions that Wright is neither a black leader such as Malcolm X nor a writer with any strong background in American literature, yet Pinckney implicitly states that Wright is a great writer and that one must analyze his past to understand how he is a great writer. In that perspective, he also commends Wright’s book, Native Son. He states: Native Son is unmatched in its power†¦It is not true as Baldwin claims that Bigger Thomas, the doomed, frustrated black boy, is just another stereotype†¦extreme in his wish to injure himself and do injury to others†¦ Pinckney praises Native Son as a powerful intellectual book that deals with issues of racism and oppression. He says explicitly that it is the most powerful book, but it is unclear what domain of books Pinckney is comparing Native Son with. Pinckney refutes James Baldwin’s statement about Native Son, saying that Bigger Thomas is not a mere stereotype, but an example of a stressed black boy of the racially segregated American society during the 1930s. It is true that Bigger Thomas is a victim of a racially segregated society.

Loneliness and outsiders Essay

An outsider like crippled Crooks has no one to protect him, all he has is his American Civil Law book which defends his rights as a individual living in the U. S. A and seems to give him a certain comfort knowing that not anyone can argue against his tattered old book. Just as all of his feelings are exposed, Curley’s wife threatens him and once again, he withdraws himself back to the liniment which seems to be the only thing in the world that makes Crooks feels better, even if he is ostracised from the rest. Curley’s wife is one of the most significant characters to the novel because she shows loneliness on different levels. Because of being married to Curley she has a high status in the ranch, but this is exactly why she has no one but herself. Workers are afraid of getting too close to her in case innocent talking turns into more which could cost them their jobs†¦ or even lives. Nevertheless she is led to seek solace with the other men even if they are at the bottom of the social hierarchy on the ranch. And due to all the isolation, the only way to get noticed by the other men is to be a charmer, but this is what makes her so misunderstood. She expresses her true feelings about what could have been to Lennie while he sits on the hay and absorbs absolutely nothing but reflects on the poor little pup that he unintentionally killed. Curley’s wife reminisces about how she could have been a Hollywood star and had all the superficial items that so many celebrities buy. Throughout her time on the ranch she has always thought her mother was the reason why Hollywood never became a reality for her, she said, ‘I never got that letter, I always thought my old lady stole it. So I married Curley. ‘ This was her dream while on the ranch and like so many others, it shows how much of an outsider and a gullible person she was. In her life there had always been dominant figures like her mother and then Curley. So she has no real idea about how to be autonomous and become more of an independent woman. It could be said that she doesn’t know how to interact correctly with people, persistently asking sympathetic rhetorical questions and also being very manipulative and discerning. These virtues are what make Curley’s wife such a great character, she has no official name but is possibly one of the most complex characters to depict. Lennie is a simple person, mentally and literally. No one actually understands what he is saying most of the time because the ranch workers have never seen anyone so perplexed and bewildered as he. Without George he would be lost in life, Lennie relies on him to eat and to get him out of trouble whenever it’s needed most. Even though he blows arguments out of proportion by saying things like, ‘I wouldn’t eat no ketchup if it was right here beside me’ although he really does want the ketchup and is just playing on his own innocence. In one perspective Lennie is quite clever because if there is an opportunity where he can get George to take pity on him, then he will take it, but the majority of the time he is just retarded through no fault of his own. In the book sometimes Lennie is compared to an animal, like when he didn’t want to give the mouse to George but then handed it over and started to sulk, ‘Slowly, like a terrier who doesn’t want to bring a ball back to its master, Lennie approached. ‘ And another time was when he was walking along the dusty road with George, ‘He walked heavily, dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws. ‘ Steinbeck chooses to describe him as an animal to symbolise the title, ‘Of Mice and Men’, maybe Lennie is the mouse and George is the man or the other way round. That’s how Lennie is an outsider, because he’s an amoral animal who doesn’t know his own strength, which is sometimes practical, but when he handles creatures and humans too ruthlessly, he does not know when to stop and that is when the exertion begins for George and Lennie. Lennie and George stick together through thick and thin, even when times get complicated, George seems to find a way out for the pair of them. ‘Circular narrative’ is when something happens in a story and after a while it occurs again. Throughout the novel Lennie repeats phrases and quotes to George that they have already talked about previously, like the whole ketchup scenario, tending the rabbits, owning and living off the fat of the land etc. This shows that Lennie knows George so well that he assumes all there is to talk about is rabbits and land. That is what makes him a lonesome man because all the conversation is about the same thing and whatever he wants to talk about. All the characters in ‘Of Mice and Men’ go through a form of loneliness and a feeling of not belonging. At times they can be self-centred which is mainly when two characters are in discussion which each other but not paying attention to the other. Maybe this is one of the reasons that loneliness strikes them, as they do not listen and are all wrapped up in their own impenetrable worlds. But this is what makes the book ‘Of Mice and Men’ so fascinating to read, all the people have their own problems and dreams because they all share the strong emotions of loneliness and individuality, and even though they may think that they are all diverse, the audience can grasp that each person is more and more like the other.

Information Technology Essay Example

Information Technology Essay Example Information Technology Essay Information Technology Essay REPORT ON ATTACHMENT AT KENYA POWER AND LIGHTING COMPANY FOR THE PERIOD SEPTEMBER TO NOVEMBER 2009 NAME OF STUDENT: LESIAMITO DUNCAN SAIDIMU REGISTRATION NO: MAC-1-295-2/2007 NAME OF LECTURER: MR. RONALD WANYONYI Report submitted to the department of Computer information systems in particular fulfillment of the requirement for the bachelors of Science degree in computer information systems. SUBMISSION DATE: 9th December 2009 DECLARATION: I declare that this is my original work and has not been presented anywhere else to the best of my knowledge. Name†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. Signature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ CONFIRMATION BY THE SUPERVISOR I confirm work has not been presented anywhere else to the best of my knowledge. Name†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Signature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Dedication I dedicate this report to my family and colleagues both in attachment and school who have been very supportive throughout the period I have been on my attachment. Acknowledgements I would wish to appreciate the greatly indebted support from the KPLC ITT staff. They offered a warm reception of orientation in all operation and greatly dedicated their precious effort guiding me throughout my attachment period. I also thank my supervisor Mr. Wanyonyi for guiding and assisting during the attachment period and in writing this report. I thank the Almighty father for the wonderful opportunity and strength during this period. Abstract This is report on my internship that I undertook in Kenya Power and Lighting Co. Ltd Central Rift region IT T department for the period September-November 2009. It entails the activities and duties assigned to me during this period they involved printer fault diagnosis and repair, software installation and configuration, preventive maintenance, taking of inventory and hardware repair and replacement. It also came across different software, hardware and Information Systems that I used, repaired, installed or configured; these included Ics, Dcs, Tms among others. The attachment was about implementing the theoretical skills gained in the class practically as well as developing a room for further research and exchange of ideas. I got to interact with many people who helped me educationally, emotionally and socially I company should decentralize some of administration support activities to the branch offices in order to reduce delays the delivery of services. Table of content Acknowledgements†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Abstract. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦ Table of content. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦ Dedication†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. List of Symbols and Their Respective Meanings. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦ CHAPTER ONE Introduction. †¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦ Location. †¦ †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Information Technology. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦ †¦ Telecommunication†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦. Kenya Power and Lighting Ltd Vision Statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦ Kenya Power and Lighting Ltd Mission statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. †¦ KPLC core values. . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. †¦. †¦ †¦ KPLC Internal Motto. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. †¦ KPLC External Motto. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. KPLC’S ROLE†¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Organization Details. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Transmission and distribution†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦ Demand/ supply of electricity:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Organizational Structure Central Rift (Nakuru). †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ IT T Policy Document. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Objectives of IT T†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦ Vision of IT T Division†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦ Definition of IT T Policy.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ CHAPTER TWO Duties /Activities. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Information Technology Department. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Data Network.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Duties†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Software†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Hardware†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Information Systems†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ CHAPTER THREE Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. Significance of the course to the attachment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Significance of the course to the attachment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Critiques. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. Recommendations. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. List of symbols and their respective meanings LCA: Local Collection Application DCS: Design and Construction System ICS: Integrated Customer Service CPU: Central Processing Unit PC: Personal Computer MS Exchange: Microsoft Exchange LRA: Local Reading Application UPS: Uninterrupted Power Supply HHS: -Hand Held Set SCADA: -System Control and Data Acquisition RTU: -Remote Terminal Unit DTU: -Data Terminal Unit ITT Information Technology and Telecommunication TKL:- Telkom Kenya. KDN: -Kenya Data Network. 1. CHAPTER ONE 1. 1 Introduction. The Kenya Power and Lighting Company Ltd. (KPLC) is a limited liability company responsible of electricity transmission, distribution and retailing in Kenya. The company is a national electric utility, managing electric, licensing, billing, emergency electricity service and customer relations. It is a Public limited company listed at the Nairobi Stock Exchange (NSE) with the Government of Kenya owning 51% and 49% by the public in form of share ownership. KPLC was incorporated in 1922 as the East African Power Lighting Company (EAPL). It changed its name to The Kenya Power and Lighting Company Ltd. (KPLC) in 1983. Before a major power sector restructuring in 1997, KPLC managed all generating stations on behalf of the Government. Currently, KPLC manages some diesel-generating stations which are owned by the government known as Independent power producers (IPP), which are isolated from the national grid in marginalized areas such as Merti, Lodwar and Baragoi. 1. 2 Contacts Central Office Address: Kenya power and Lighting Company, P. O Box 30099, Nairobi. Tel: 020-32013201, Website: www. plc. co. ke Nakuru Office Address. Kenya power and Lighting Company. P. O Box 104-20100. Nakuru. Tel 051-2211594 Cell: 073560006 0720860006 Website: www. kplc. co. ke 1. 3 Location. The Central office is Located at Stima Plaza on Kolobot Road, Nairobi. The company’s main functions are carried out under various divisions. These include customer service, Distribution (Design and construction, Operations and maintenance), Energy Transmission, Human Resources Administration, Transport Supplies, Finance, Information Technology and Telecommunication. Internal Audit, Protective Services and Communications departments fall directly under the Managing Director. The company has six administrative areas. These are; Nairobi Region, Mt Kenya Region, Coast Region, North Rift Region, Central Rift Region and West-Kenya Region. All services offered by the main divisions are replicated in each area, which are headed by functional heads who report to the Regional Manager. A Kenya Power And Lighting Company (Central Rift) office is located at Electricity House along Moi Road next to Provincial Commissioner Offices in Nakuru. It contains departmental offices within the various divisions, which perform different functions. An example of these departments is the IT T department which handles ICT functions within the company. The Central Rift Region has other offices linked to it, represented diagrammatically as below: |Ravine | |Maralal | |Lanet | | | | | |NAKURU | |Narok | |Nyahururu | |Naivasha | KPLC Vision Statement. To achieve world class status as a quality service business enterprise so as to be the first choice supplier of electrical energy in a competitive environment. † KPLC Mission statement. â€Å"To efficiently transmit and distribute high quality electricity throughout Kenya at cost effective tariffs; to achieve the highest standards of customer service; and to ensure the company’s long-term technical and financial viability†. KPLC core values. Customer driven Teamwork Results driven People focused Empowerment Innovation Professionalism Equal opportunity Ethics/Int egrity Social responsibility Environment friendly KPLC Internal Motto. â€Å"My company my pride† KPLC External Motto. â€Å"On public Service† KPLC’S Role. KPLC owns and operates the entire electricity transmission and distribution system in Kenya, and sells electricity to over 1 million customers. The company’s key operations include: ? Planning, designing, construction and maintenance of the distribution network. ? Customer service. ? Ensuring sufficient transmission capacity to meet demand 1. 4 Organization Details 1. 4. 1Transmission and distribution KPLC is responsible for ensuring ample transmission capacity to maintain supply and facilitate quality electricity. It also develops and maintains the distribution networks and satisfactory services to the customer. The combined network of transmission and Distribution lines stretch for more than 23,000 kilometers across the country. Electricity is transmitted at high voltages. In Kenya, electrical power is generated between 11 and 15kV. The electricity is then stepped up to 220kV or 132kV for transmission to sub-stations large power users. It is then stepped down to 66kV, 33kV and 11kV at various feeder points for distribution to consumers. Large industrial and commercial customers are supplied at these high voltages. The electricity is stepped down to 415v/240v for other consumers 1. 4. 2 Demand and Supply of electricity: Demand for electricity in Kenya stands at around 825 MW. However, the country has an installed generating capacity of more than 1,200 MW, though sometimes about 15% of this is usually unavailable due to drought and shutdowns of generating plants to facilitate repairs and Maintenance. 1. 4. 3 Organizational Structure Central Rift (Nakuru) 1. 5 IT Telecommunication DIVISION IT T is a division is divided into two departments; IT and telecommunication. Information Technology. This department handles all computer hardware (Pc’s and servers), data Communication, Software issues and advices on all the matters that’s relate to IT. Telecommunication. The function of this Department is to provide efficient and reliable communication system within the company and other regions. This Includes Radio Communication ,Telephony and Communication through PLC. 1. 6 IT T Policy Document. 1. 6. 1 Introduction. Since the first edition was written in Year 2002, a number of improvements have been made and the ICT technology keeps changing for the better. This second edition of the ICT Policy incorporates the changes that have been realized so far. Included especially is the â€Å"IT Review and Action Plan† document, dated October 31, 2006. Information and Communications Technology Policy addresses security issues and how to effectively apply and maintain information systems, thereby facilitating protection of critical, valuable and confidential information together with its associated systems. Most people are likely to recognize the impact and severity of the loss or theft of confidential designs for a new product. However they do not always recognize the potential risk, and consequential result, of seemingly innocent activities, such as copying software or copying the corporate database onto their laptop computer or not documenting changes made to their systems. The purchase and installation of hardware and software requires those involved to consider carefully the Information Security issues involved in this process. Careful consideration of the companys business needs is paramount, as it is expensive to make subsequent changes. Analysis of user requirements versus the various benchmarks test results, will establish the best choice of server/software to be purchased. Installation of new equipment must be properly considered and planned to avoid unnecessary disruption and to ensure that the IT T Policy issues are adequately covered. The issue of IT consumables is looked into. These are expensive and should be properly controlled both from an expense perspective as well as an Information Security perspective. Valuable items should always be kept in a secure environment to avoid damage or loss. 1. 2 Objectives of IT . To provide efficient, effective and reliable communication systems that meets and exceeds KPLC voice and data requirements. To ensure availability of the communications systems that exceeds the set target of 97% To continually improve the telecommunication systems to meet and conform to the current world standards. To ensure mnaximum customer satisfaction in the IT division. 1. 6. 3 Vision for IT T Division. We strive to provide nothing but the best means of data and telecommunications services to the company and the country as a whole. 1. 6. Definition of IT T Policy. A set of rules, regulations, procedures and plans of action for administration of equipment resources, and services in the IT T division. CHAPTER TWO. 2. 1 Duties and Activities. During my attachment in the Information Technology and Telecommunications (IT) division. the following are among the duties I was designated to perform. Software Installation. Printer Fault Diagnosis and Repairs. Antivirus Installation. Preventive Maintenance. Networking. User support. Taking of inventory. Repair and maintenance of various hardware. j[ 2. 2 SOFTWARES The following are the software used in the various departments and which I was exposed to in installation and support. Microsoft Windows Server 2003. McAfee Version 8. 5i Microsoft office 2007 Power Builder Oracle 9i SQL Server AutoCAD. SPS (Strategic Planning System). Adobe reader 2. 3 Hardware PCs Ups. Server: Cisco routers, switches Printers. HHS. Network cables. 2. 4 Information systems a). ICS (Integrated Customer Service Application) This is an online System with a centralized Database situated at the Head office. Used by Cashiers, Customer Service Officers, and Meter Reading. The Software integrates a number of functions that is Contracting New Customers, Billing of Customer, Cash Collection etc. b). DCS Online(Design and Construction System) This is an online system interfaced with ICS System which Design Engineers Use to do costing of Service line Applications. The same is also used for booking of Service line construction Materials from Stores Section. c). DCS Offline (Design and Construction System offline). An Offline system used by Designers to download jobs ,design lines and cost projects and later upload the jobs to the DCS online system after they complete the job. d). LCA (Local Collection Application) This is an offline Cash Collection Application mainly used by Cashiers when the ICS System Fails. The transactions are a stored locally on a Batch file which is later downloaded to the Central Database. e). TMS (Transport Management System) This is a system used by the Transport Department and Costing Section to keep records of company vehicles and their maintenance costs. Also used to keep records on mileage returns and labor cost returns. f). LRA (Local Reading Application) This is a system designed to upload and download meter reading records from the ICS system for billing. The HHS set is used for this purpose connected via COM1 port. This system is used by the meter-reading section under customer service department. This system helps to determine how much the customer has consumed and hence the amount to be charged. g). Medicare Application. This is a system used to keep the medical expenditure records of the KPLC employees and their dependants. It is used by the human resource administration department. h). IMS (Incidence Management System) This is an Online System Used by the Operation and Maintenance Department to keep track of Temporary Power line Break downs and customer complaint on Blackouts and Voltage fluctuation. ). EIS (Executive Information System) This is a system interfaced with all other company Systems and it provides the executive with summarized reports to facilitate Decision making and Policy formulation. j). MDB (Management Database System) This is a system that summaries all the operations in ICS System and presents it in a report form. Used by management to monitor Performance. k). SAP (Sys tem Application and Products) This is a System used in the Finance Procurement Department. It keeps Supplier Records, Payroll Management, and Company Budget Management etc. l). Scada This is a system that is used for Tele operation on the power station. This includes Telemetry and Switching, by the engineers at the National control center to all the manned and unmanned station m). Ripples System This system is used to control street lighting and water heaters. This is achieved by automatically varying the frequencies on the power 2. 5 Data Network. The KPLC C/Rift has an extensive data network thus enabling it to have distributed systems where users can access network resources such as the databases that are centralized and other network resources such as Printers. I was involved in installation of networks that is trucking and terminations cables and labeling of data points, configuration installation of network Equipments such as the routers and switches of the cabinets. WAN for C/Rift TKL KDN At the end of each modem there is a Router and a Switch connected to it to form a network. Each Modem is connected to the Router through a V. 35 Cable CHAPTER THREE 3. 1 Conclusion. During my internship I have really gained a lot and I really endeavored the industrial attachment basically because it granted me an exposure and a chance to evaluate my potential. I was able to learn about many systems and practices in the IT world. I also got an opportunity to travel to different areas and interact with other people. I got used to working environment. 3. 2 Significance of the program to the attachment The program equipped me with the theoretical base which I was able to relate to the practical setting. I also gained interpersonal skills and wide knowledge due to the fact that the program offers various from diverse fields. 3. 3 Significance of the student learning I was able to learn more about hardware, software and the information systems used in the real life. I able to interact with other staff and students on attachment from various institutions to share ideas. 3. 4 Critiques. During my internship period I noted a few IT practices that hindered smooth running of operations in the IT T Division This includes these following, Most of the users are not are willing to use the helpdesk system thus hindering proper service delivery. Many system administration support are centralized at the regional office thus causing delays in service delivery. Many of the users are not conversant with basic computer operation. Use of old machine which are very slow. The company had most of the hardware and software that are in the IT world so I gained enough practical. The company offered attachment places to many student and so the was interaction among different students. 3. 5 Recommendations. 1. The organization should have tint windows or blenders to protect machines from direct sunlight 2. Security measurements should be implemented 3. Single serv er unit should be provided to help in the machine management in all labs 4. Tables in the labs are so uncomfortable in the sense that when you put the sit inside you are unable to put legs Reference 1. KPLC website www. kplc. co. ke 2. Stima journal Regional Manager Asst Manager Energy transmission Eng. Revenue finance officer IT/T Eng Customer service Eng. Distribution Eng HR/Adm officer Transport Eng. Asst. HR Administration Telecom Asst distributor engineer Asst customer service IT support Asst Energy Eng. Asst accountant Customer service clerk Energy transmission technician Revenue accountant Distributor technician DTU DTU Gilgil Maralal Ravine Narok Nku Depot Lanet Nyahururu Molo Naivasha Nakuru R O U T E R

English Anthology Course Work Essay Example

English Anthology Course Work Essay Example English Anthology Course Work Essay English Anthology Course Work Essay Show how the pots create a strong sense of place in Island man and another poem form the culture section from you anthology. In my opinion Grace Nichols creates a particularly strong sense of place in island man using a wide range of techniques, which span from imagery to alliteration. Above the first stanza theirs a short caption that I think sets the mood for the poem beneath, I believe it to be a successful attempt to geode the reader into Grace Nicholes desired direction it says For a Caribbean island man in London who still wakes up to the sound of the sea the reason for inserting this caption I think is to set a vivid comparison between the two stated locations Caribbean Island and London therefore whats interpreted to be a tropical paradise is being compared with the commonly accepted bland grey London city which in turn creates an extremely strong sense of place and surroundings before the poem even starts. The last piece of decryption before the poem is describing the Caribbean island, and the first word of the poem is morning after reading the caption nine times out of ten I think the reader will still be picturing the island and the reality of discovering the man was dreaming and hes infect in London becomes ever more apparent, the where about of the protagonist is no longer questionable a sense of place has been firmly been established. The reader is now aware that the man was dreaming about the island and can sympathise with him taking the dull north circular journey he has to take into consideration. The poet plays around with the reader slightly I think and regularly snaps in and out of this fictional reality despite the fact the man is now awake, the way in which the poem is organised adds to this effectively, Grace Nicholes knows where the man would rather be and which location we the reader would rather read about so I think she deliberately sets the poem out to dash our hopes in again being on what we thought was a Caribbean island, the poem reads: Morning and the island man wakes up to the sound of blue surf The reader thinks they are going back to the island in his head in doing this we are 100% certain of our where abouts we are in a place where any thing can happen, this adds to the excitement factor of the poem dramatically because we no longer know what to expect. where in a place where we and the man would rather not be dreaming/fantasising about an idealistic paradise island Like in the beginning of the poem Grace Nicholes uses simple decryption to add to the overall atmosphere of the island in doing so intensifying the readers perception of the Caribbean island, simple decryption like Morning and Wild Sea Birds are inference tactics, they make the reader think of other words/phrases which would directly be associated with a Caribbean island an example of some of these words would be a tropical horizon or free roaming exotic animals. We are led through all the delights of a natural paradise and then we are dropped back in to the real word with a bold statement. Another London day Imtiaz Dharkers Blessing portrays a very clear idea of place from the very start, the poems name its self I believe to be an obvious indication of are probable where abouts the fact that the poem is called blessing would indicates to me either a hostile unsatisfactory environment or some one thats for some reasons unhappy in order for some sort of blessing to be necessary in the first place. Imtiaz Dharkers uses a very obvious method of inference in order to get the sense of place in his poem across Entitling some thing Blessing = Something going or has gone wrong in the past but its about to be resolved Unlike Grace Nicholes theres no room for varying opinion on some of his key statements there is never enough water can only be viewed in one way not like Another London day which we assume is a bad day but some people may prefer days in London to a Caribbean island. The bold statement there is never enough water would I think make the reader think of a barren environment in which nothing grows and people are living in extreme depravity and hardship due to the lack of water the sense of place therefore is a desert like setting which is indicated with one sweeping statement. The poet Imtiaz Dharkers I think has far more discrete deposition and language technique in comparison to Grace Nichols who lets the reader decided a lot of whats in the poem and where and how much to read in to it Dharker uses youthasisims extensively which shows me that his poem has a set purpose and a end goal which corresponds with his chosen traditional story format lay out.

Global Outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Outsourcing - Essay Example Despite the recent economic downturn, according to a McKinsey Analysis, the U. S. economy created an average of 3.5 million new jobs in the private sector per year (Otterman). Nine million people come on to the job market every year (Gardels, 2004). Outsourcing helps to stimulate the economy. The loss of jobs can be attributed to other factors like the bursting of the tech bubble and its effects on Wall Street, the consolidation of retailing under giants like Wal-Mart, and the after math of September 11 and other events. The Bush administration is convinced that shifting the white collar jobs to the developing countries might cause short term pain but is a part of the positive transformation that will enrich the US economy over time. The Information Technology Association of America (ITAA) also agrees that while outsourcing white collar jobs may have thrown some Americans out of jobs, it will ultimately lower the inflation, create jobs, and boost productivity. Just when layoffs and ‘pay-for-performance’ was taking place, educated and eager workforce emerged in countries like India, China, Malaysia and Vietnam. Outsourcing assists with a form’s globalization strategy, helps broaden infrastructure capabilities, and offers local market access advantages it can help alleviate the technical labor shortages in the West.Other benefits include access to skilled personnel across the world, exploitation of follow-the-sun model to improve delivery schedules, and make up for the gaps in the internal capabilities of the firms

Nurses Role in the Field of Health Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nurses Role in the Field of Health Care - Essay Example Professional nurses require a legal system that regulates their professional and or ethical activity. In addition, there are professional bodies that are responsible for admitting different professionals into the mainstream practice after training and certification. Nursing regulatory bodies admit these professionals into the profession after assessing and evaluating their suitability to become professional nurses. Professional nursing and Nursing stereotypes A professional nurse should embrace patients as well as the loved ones/caretakers in good faith. They should not only be willing but love their work to succeed in caring for patients. Services to patients should be put first before any other thing, financial interest included. In addition, nurses need to be presentable at all times (Allen, 2001). The appearance of a nurse should always be pleasant to everyone as this will be interpretive of the quality of service he offers. Nursing has been invariantly labeled as a career for th e feminine. The public views this profession as a reserve for the female gender and should not be ventured into by the males. In fact, some of the male nurses have been labeled as pansy and their sexual orientation questioned. Moreover, nurses are also viewed as subservient compared to the medical professionals and often seen as sub-standard workers to the physicians and effeminate type casting on the male nurses. Plainly speaking, nursing is not entirely a feminine affair. Both males and females have the capability to pursue this career as a choice. Secondly, nursing complements other healthcare skills and not necessarily subservient to them. Without nursing, the role and successes of the medical doctors are largely limited and may hardly operate. It is important to note that the disciplines in the medical loci are intertwined in terms of roles and none is subservient to the other. Role of Nurses Unknown To the Public A nurse acts as the patient’s advocate. For instance, a n urse will always support the needs of a patient first. The public is usually unaware of this role of nurses. Secondly, unaware to the public, nurses are involved in the spiritual wellbeing of the patient. It is quite essential that patients are counseled and guided spiritually according to their beliefs; such acts would include bible discussion and spiritual uplifting through prayers and meditation, depending on the beliefs of the patient in question. Among nursing theorist that are real role models to current and aspiring nurses is Dorothea Orem. This assertion is due to fact that many nurses always embrace her theory of â€Å"self-care being a basic human requirement.† Orea asserts that people are distinct individuals and should be primarily responsible for their own care before eventually â€Å"devolving† care to other members of the society (Gordon, 2005). Nurses and Medical Doctors At personal levels, many nurses do not confide to the opinion that nursing as a car eer merely involves following up instructions from doctors. Instead they implement the instructions given to them by doctors. This function they do not do blindly but in line with their professional skills and trainings. They are not being ordered on what to do; rather, they already have the knowledge of everything required of them (Larrabbee, 2009). Nurses are also responsible of the well-being of their patients (Nettina, 2001). In fact, the recovery of patient