The Suicide Is Preventable - 1975 Words

Adolescent Suicide Is Preventable I. Introduction Can you remember all the thoughts as an adolescent when you were dealing with puberty, school, and peer pressure? It’s harder than it seems because during that stage, adolescents deal with an endless amount of stress from hormonal changes and trying to be â€Å"cool† or fit in with the crowd. The buildup of psychological, environmental, and social factors can lead to mental illnesses, which may cause suicidal distress in countless adolescents. Currently, suicide is the third-leading cause of death for young people between the ages of 15 to 24 (Gould 6). But no matter what age group or circumstance, suicide is a growing health concern that needs whole-hearted attention and preventative matters. The risk factors for suicide distress are endless and there is not just one specific factor that leads to suicide. Multiple factors could be grouped together or even a single factor could trigger that first suicide thought. Therefore, it is very difficult to accura tely predict what factors each individual may be dealing with. Some possible signs could be a change in personality, behavior, sleep patterns, eating habits, or a recent loss of a family or friend. Once some possible warning signs are recognized, the individual themselves or the surrounding people can plant preventative efforts from future suicide attempts. According to U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, one in five teenagers will seriously consider suicideShow MoreRelatedTeen Suicide: Is it Preventable?1074 Words   |  5 Pagessister’s death. A teen suicide is a tragic incident to happen in anyone’s life, but most people do not realize if their teen is possibly considering suicide. The third leading cause of death among teens and young adults ages fifteen to twenty-four is suicide. An examination of suicide by sex indicates that in the United States, nearly five times more 15- to 19-year-old boys than girls committed suicide in 1998 (NCHS, 2000b). Firearms are the most common way of committing suicide; with hanging beingRead MoreAdolescent Suicide Is A Preventable Public Health Issue3464 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction Although most of the media attention focuses on adolescent homicide, suicide deaths should have us more alarmed, and we should understand that adolescent suicide is a preventable public health issue. In adolescent Suicide deaths are more prevalent than homicide deaths (CDC, 2012). According to the National Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS), suicide is the second leading cause of death for adolescents age 13 to 17 (CDC, 2016)Read MoreAnalysis Of An Affordable Health Care Provision Using The Triple Aim752 Words   |  4 Pagesupon evidenced based care (EBC) and outcomes (Finkler, Jones, and Kovner ,2013). The ACA, (2010) contains a section within it that is specific to adult coverage for 15 preventable services. These preventable services are based upon recommendations by United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPTF) (ACA, 2010). The preventable coverage the requires ADSPC has been controversial and laden dyna mic multiple revisions as the necessity or need for such a screen since its initial grade recommendationRead MoreTeen Suicide Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Suicide of any kind is an act in which a person takes his or her own life. FACT: Suicide is a prevalent cause of death among America’s youth today.Each and every day almost 1000 teenagers think about suicide and about 0.018% of them will be successful in committing it.† It is an ongoing problem that is often described as uncalled for immature and unnecessary. But having a deeper understanding and better knowledge are some key factors for preventing teenage suicide. This â€Å"problem† most likely startRead MoreInformative Speech On Teen Suicide989 Words   |  4 Pages Topic: Teen Suicide Awareness Teenage suicide is preventable, and ways that the society can help prevent are through the media, in schools, and in a Teens home. General Purpose: To bring awareness to my audience on teen suicide Specific Purpose: To inform and persuade my audience to take an active role in teen suicide awareness and prevention. Thesis: Spreading Awareness to teen suicide is a means to answering their silent cry by getting knowledge and donating, After all, knowledge is a veryRead More†¢Title: â€Å"Reduce Suicide Attempts By Adolescents†. †¢Dates1716 Words   |  7 Pages†¢ Title: â€Å"Reduce Suicide Attempts by Adolescents† †¢ Dates of Implementation: January 26, 2017 and March 8-9, 2017 †¢ Healthy People 2020 Topic: Mental Health and Mental Disorders †¢ Healthy People 2020 Objective: MHMD-2: Reduce suicide attempts by adolescents (Healthy People, 2020, n.d.) †¢ My SLEP action plan is designed to educate the students of Boaz High School Health Science Department on the causes, signs and prevention of suicide attempts. I plan to make a pamphlet to hand out to all studentsRead MoreThe Bridge Between Suicide And Life1402 Words   |  6 PagesConnecting the bridge between suicide and life Kevin Briggs is a retired California Highway patrol officer, who spent much of his years â€Å"patrolling the southern end of Marin, county which includes the Golden Gate Bridge† (Briggs).As many may connote this bridge with much positivity such as, to have a great view of San Francisco, others may connote it as the bridge that took their loved one . This bridge has been used numerous times for a suicide attempt. Suicide according to Vernon J. Geberth, MRead MoreBullying and Teen Suicide Essay779 Words   |  4 Pages Lives are slowly being lost due to suicide and not only is it affecting themselves but also the people who are around them. Suicide is defined as taking of one’s own life and it is an issue that should be given all attention to. Teen suicide has been talked about in every source of media and it still continues to have a harmful effect in todays generation. In the United States the eighth leading cause of death is suicide, within developing teens, suicide is the third leading cause of their deathsRead MoreSummary Of House Bill 1379. To Sum Up Hb1379 Forefront1005 Words   |  5 PagesBill 1379 To sum up HB1379 Forefront a leading advocate for suicide awareness easily explains the bill so, according, to University of Washington (2013) â€Å"House Bill 1379 for suicide prevention in higher education: Implementing a comprehensive approach to suicide prevention and behavioral health in higher education† (p. 1). They further explain, â€Å"Data shows that nearly 10 percent of postsecondary students had seriously considered suicide in the 2015-2016 school year, yet lack of funding for behavioralRead MoreSuicide, The Silent Killer1343 Words   |  6 Pagessuicide, The Silent Killer Suicide is the tenth leading cause of death across all ages in the United States. It is also the second leading cause of death for 15 - 35 year olds nationwide. The World Health Organization (or WHO) estimates that approximately 1 million people die every year from suicide. However, almost twice that number that attempt it and survived. In Georgia suicide is the third leading cause of death with roughly 1,000 death per year. Suicide has lasting effects on families and communities;

Audience´s Impressions of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth

Essay - What are the audience’s first impressions of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth? Macbeth, is a story which is full of deception, greed and karma. This story will thrill the audiences minds and will also teach them about life. During the first act of the play, Macbeth encounters the three deadly, vicious, selfish witches, who consider themselves superior, ‘Lesser than Macbeth, and greater’ The witches say this particular dialogue when Macbeth and Banquo are entering their kingdom. This shows a very complicated answer, but leads to one conclusion of the witches being greater in superiority. Furthermore, the witches tell Macbeth’s future, ‘You shalt be king hereafter’, this might indicate to be a horoscope, which Macbeth does not believe. However he insists them to say more, ‘Stay you imperfect speakers. Tell me more.’ This clearly shows that he is interested in knowing his future. This also shows another side of him, which is full of greed. Shakespeare has purposefully wrote this dialogue, ‘imperfect speakers’, as not to mention the name ‘witches’ early; the audience will get disturbed, as in the old days they believed in spirits. In addition to this, Macbeth thinks of killing the King Duncan, If good, why do I yield to that suggestion. Macbeth uses expressions that could be vicious thoughts of himself killing Duncan, suggestion. On the other hand, in Act 1 scene 5, Lady Macbeth receives a letter from Macbeth, informing her about the previous events which haveShow MoreRelatedEssay Lady Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth1403 Words   |  6 PagesLady Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth In act 1 scene, we see lady MacBeth reading a letter that her husband, MacBeth has sent her, it has been written as a soliloquy, she reads aloud to the audience how he has been given information about his future by a group of witches. MacBeth sent this letter to his wife quickly, he is was obviously pleased with the news and wanted her to know about it. This gives the audience the impression that Lady MacBeth was very dominantRead MoreMacbeth As A Butcher Essay1681 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"For the play Macbeth to work as a tragedy, Shakespeare had to maintain our sympathy with a character whose actions become increasingly ‘’those of a butcher†. Discuss.† The play Macbeth, composed by William Shakespeare in 1606, can be considered as a tragedy when feelings of sympathy for a character who becomes increasingly ambitious and when a character is affected by another’s increase in ambition is evoked upon the audience. Through the distress that the audience feels for Macbeth as he suffersRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1682 Words   |  7 Pagesintroduced to Macbeth in William Shakespeare’s play Macbeth he is illustrated as a loyal warrior hero to Scotland. Macbeth’s recognition on the battlefield helps gain him great honor from King Duncan who later announces him as Thane of Cawdor. However, throughout the play the audience is able to discover his human flaws. Ironically, his first characteristic of being a mighty powerful man actually changes to be a weak man who gets stepped all over on. Through his soliloquies for instance, the audience can readRead MoreIs Macbeth Really Blame For Duncan s Murder?1743 Words   |  7 PagesIs Macbeth really to blame for Duncan’s murder? ‘Macbeth’ is a tragic play that dramatizes the tragic flaw (hamartia) of ambition and murderous intent in Macbeth, which is manipulated by his equally ambitious wife and the inherently evil witches, which leads him to murder Duncan. The fact that this play is a tragedy suggests that it is intentional for the audience to feel sympathetic towards Macbeth. This is why Shakespeare focuses some of the blame on the witches and his wife. Lady Macbeth firstRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare Is A Well-Known And Recognized English1542 Words   |  7 Pagessuccessful work output. Shakespeare didn’t only revert to tragedies such as Macbeth, but combined fascinating plots, strong characters and beautifully constructed poetry in his plays. So inspiring that even to this day, Shakespeare and actively performed throughout the world, fulfilling Ben Jonson’s pre-diction that â€Å"He was not of an age, but for all time!† The poem and William Shakespeare are both relevant, apart from Macbeth being Shakespeare’s poem, in the fact that the place/setting of the poemRead MoreHow does Shakespeare present lady Macbeth? In what4112 Words   |  17 PagesWilliam Shakespere wrote Macbeth around 1606 for King James VI. Macbeth involves 3 witches who make prophecies for Macbeth about taking the throne. Ambition and desire drive Macbeth and Lady Macbeth to kill King Duncan. Later Banquo is killed due to Macbeth?s greed for the throne and jealousy of it being taken away and Lady Macbeth appears to go mad and die. Macbeth is then defeated. These themes of murder, ambition, greed and desire appear throughout the play among others. These themes are factorsRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Macbeth 2339 Words   |  10 Pagesdescribes the range of different features and techniques that he has used in both Macbeth (Act 2 Scene 2), and Capulet (Act 3 Scene 5), and how he Shakespeare has represented the main characters of each play to be shown as disturbed emotionally, physically, and psychologically during the plays. Firstly, when Capulet is shown he is seen by the audience as being in a good, cheerful, happy, and balanced mood, but as he sees Lady Capulet his mood transforms and asking her †have you delivered †¦ our decreeRead MoreThe Duality Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde And Shakespeare s Macbeth2038 Words   |  9 PagesTo look at the duality of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Macbeth In this essay, I am going to analyse the concept of duality in Robert Louis Stevenson’s Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Shakespeare’s Macbeth. The meaning of duality is the quality or condition of having two sides to something, such as good and evil, love and hate and black and white. The novella ‘Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ Centre’s around ‘duality’. The author R.L.S (Robert Louis Stevenson) introduces us to the two sides of a person, DrRead MoreThe Establishment Of The Kingdom Of Italy1553 Words   |  7 Pagesreunification of Italy. One of his most famous operas, Nabucco not only pioneered a new musical style to establish Verdi s reputation as a composer, but it also reflected the political struggles of Italian states (â€Å"Risorgimento†, n.d.). In Nabucco’s overture in 1842, Verdi gave voice to Hebrew slaves lamenting the loss of their homeland, but they were in secret dialogue with their audience. Verdi’s real intentions were honoring the place of music in the Age of Revolutions. The Italians knew that the trueRead MoreRespect and Sympathy in Macbeths Soliloquies Essay941 Words   |  4 Pages Macbeth is a complex story of a great and popular king, named Duncan, who is murdered brutally by a horrid, vicious Tyrant called Macbeth, who was considered one of Duncans closest and most loyal friends. This tyrant brings havoc and devastation to the once almighty land of Scotland. Macbeth is an intricate character and has many different personality changes throughout the play. Shakespeare created Macbeth as a character who would capture

Intangible Cultural Heritage Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.c

Question: Discuss about the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Answer: Case study selection The intangible cultural heritage of India called Ram Leela which is a performing art is chosen for this paper. It is a theatrical presentation of Indian scripture Ramayana. One may visit northern Indian states to experience the performances in rural regions. However, Ram Leela is now performed in big auditoriums in larger cities as well. The significance of this art form in Indian sub continental region is very high because the performance is based on the scriptural history of India. People in India have deep regard for the scriptures and they venerate Ram Leela as a holy even that often unfolds throughout the night (Jafa, 2012). Description of place or collection The Ramleela celebrations were announced by UNESCO as one of the "Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity" in 2008. Ramlila is especially remarkable in truly critical Hindu urban areas of Ayodhya, Varanasi, Vrindavan, Almora, Satna and Madhubani urban communities in Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh. The epic and its sensational play moved into southeast Asia in the first thousand years CE, and Ramayana based Ramleela is a piece of execution expressions culture of Indonesia especially the Hindu society of Bali, Myanmar, Cambodia and Thailand. In the nineteenth and twentieth hundreds of years, with the development of Asian diaspora into European states as obligated workers, the social festival of Ramleela is presently found in numerous parts of the world Provide an overview description of the site or collection (Mahabir Chand, 2015). Methodology The methodology would include experiencing Ram Leela first hand and understanding from the audience, the cultural impact this particular play has on their lifestyle. This comprises of the primary data for the research. Primary data is the one which id directly collected from the source by the researchers. Apart from that existing books, scholarly articles, researches, news stories and write ups from authentic sources will be studied to understand the history and variation of Ram Leela. This comprises the secondary data for the research. Secondary data is the information which is not directly collected by the researcher but is taken from other authentic sources and existing researches and literature. Elements of significance The Hindu workmanship, religion and social history have been principally influenced by two noteworthy artistic works of antiquated India: The Ramayana and the Mahabharata. The Ramayana has gone through hundreds of years and human advancements in the Indian inception and culture. Its impact has been on each living being in India, as well as nearly the entire of South-East Asia (Yousof, 2015). The Ramayana has intensely cut out the building pieces of Hindu religion and its hugely assorted culture. The Great Indian esteems and legacy owes its reality to Valmiki's epic story. Indeed, even in the present ages, the essential human morals and qualities can be followed out back to the Ramayana. Ramayana can answer every one of an individuals inquiries and issues of their present life. The answers for human issues lie in following the belief systems displayed in the epic. Ram Leela which is the theatrical representation of Ramayan has been the source of spirituality, entertainment, morality and lifestyle for crores of rural Indians throughout ages. Significance comparisons In many places all over the world there are specialized art forms that has been performed from generations and has now become intangible cultural heritage of the geographical area. In Bhutan the art form called Drmetse Ngacham is one such intangible cultural asset and heritage. In this traditional performance drums and masks are used. Nga translates to drums and Cham signifies mask dance. This particular dance form is performed during the fifth and tenth month of the Bhutanese calendar when the Drametse calender. Another example can be the Khmer shadow theatre which are types of shadow play in which calfskin shadow manikins are utilized. The two principle classifications are Sbek Thom, which includes the Reamker, and Sbek Toch, which utilizes little manikins and an extensive variety of stories. Another kind called Sbek Por utilizes shaded cowhide manikins. The shadow plays of Cambodia are firmly identified with and furthermore take after the shadow plays of Thailand There are various other traditional art forms that can be listed. However, the importance of Ram Lila in the Indian population is much more important as the play exhibits incidents from the life of Rama, who is considered to the incarnation of the Supreme Personality of God according to Indian scriptures (Oswald, 2016). Therefore, people venerate, respect, and relate to the theatre. Assessment of significance Some of the Heritage Criterions of the United Nations which can explain the significance of Ram Leela are: To represent a masterpiece of human creative genius. To bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared. To be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance. Documenting specific aspects of Ram Leela can be done by taking testimony of the people whose lives have been directly or indirectly transformed by the play. The theatre artists who enact the scriptural roles are directly engaged in the phenomenon, whereas the audience who may pick up certain moral aspects from the play and practically apply that in life can be indirect beneficiaries. It was found by talking to the rural audience that most of the people acknowledge following the directions and moral advices given by the characters throughout the play. In addition, they conceded that the play was a major factor for their entertainment and recreation. Statement of significance Valmiki Ramayana's significant effect over the civic establishments can be featured in the way that the epic has prompted the generation of various Ramayanas, very nearly 300 inventive works spreading over the cross areas of an assortment of districts, dialects and nations (Singh, 2015). The Ramayana has been adjusted suiting to the nearby conditions. On the off chance that individuals feel that the impact of Ramayana is just confined to India, or South-East Asia, one must reconsider (Srivastava Jha, 2015). The immense volumes of research work done on Ramayana is mind boggling in its own particular sense. There is an unending rundown of interpretations accessible on Ramayana in an assortment of dialects, even Arabic and Uzbec. The voyagers, mariners and merchants over the circumstances have spread the information, standards and estimations of the considerable Indian magnum opus. Accordingly, we see that the Ramayana knows no limits, imperatives and boundaries of dialect, fringes, an d assorted varieties. Ramayana has transcended them through the ages, demonstrating that it is something beyond another work of writing. It relates to the lives of people, their ethical esteems and morals. Management issues The ancient art form which is very popular in the rural part of India is often neglected by the urban people, and the apathy of the urban population towards its own intangible cultural heritage is causing damage to the art form. The artists who have taken the responsibility of taking forward the cultural heritage are economically challenged. Apart from that the revolution of television, internet and mobile has taken even the rural areas by storm which has made the youth disinterested in theatres and plays. The Ram Leela groups are managed by rural people hence the corporate system is not yet introduced which makes the group vulnerable to economic losses. In addition, some groups are interpreting Ramayana in a modern way which is making it losing its essence (Saha, 2016) Conservation policies Because of the two UNESCO Conventions, one 'to shield and ensure Intangible Heritage' and the other on 'Social Diversity', the administration has started proactive measures to defend and secure social decent variety and the different articulations of intangible legacy confronting the danger of vanishing. The upkeep and support of exhibition halls and archeological destinations will significantly enhance with the presentation of current innovation and redeployment of existing staff. To begin with, security administrations have just been outsourced and the likelihood for outsourcing in territories like consultancy and upkeep should be inspected in detail. Production through private division ought to be empowered as they have all the advanced innovation and know-how to create the best from the most exceedingly terrible. Store work is clearly done by the private area. As the Ministry of Culture has been confronting intermittent slices in expense because of poor spending amid the initial two quarters, legitimate use arranging in the field of workmanship and culture, a few plans are being executed without evaluating the procedure and effect. Recommendations Establishing committees to formulate policy to safeguard and preserve the art form. Providing financial assistance to the artists who are performing. Launching awareness campaigns to raise the interest of the general population. To start competitions at state and national level among Ram Leela performance groups and give them financial rewards. References Jafa, N. (2012).Performing Heritage: Art of Exhibit Walks. SAGE Publications India. Mahabir, K., Chand, S. J. (2015). The phenomenon of Ramleela/Ramlila theatre in Trinidad.Nidan: International Journal for Indian Studies,27(1_2), 1-21. Oswald, P. (2016).The Ramayana. Oberon Books. Saha, S. (2016). Performing Alternative Ramayana: A study of the (re) presentation and (re) reading of the Epic in Modern Bengali Theatre. Singh, N. (2015). Oral Tradition and Performative World of Ramlila in Odisha. Srivastava, S., Jha, V. (2015). Religious, NonReligious and the Changing Consciousness of the Ramlila.Consciousness, Literature the Arts,16(2). Yousof, G. S. (2015). Southeast Asian Adaptations of the Ramayana and their Use in the Indonesian-Malaysian Shadow Play with Special Reference to Characterization.Malaysian Journal of Performing and Visual Arts,1(1), 39-51.

Computation Of Capital Gain Loss Regarding â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Computation Of Capital Gain Loss Regarding? Answer: Introducation In the given case, a method of capital gain tax, indexation and scheme will not be considered due to the assets holding period, less than a year. Therefore, one other method is presented here to be applied; under this method, selecting of full capital will be done in order to calculate CGT payable amount for the assets were acquired, in less than 1 year (Auerbach and Hassett, 2015). After then measure the cost base for assets each part, that is (shares costs + brokerage). Then, compute the measurable capital gains that are received consideration (sales profit-brokerage) (Yagan, 2015). Next, compensate any loss occurred from the capital. Further, make the addition of capital gains to left assessable income to identify the total tax liability. Applicability of provisions In accordance with the provided case scenario, it can be said that assets are held for less than 12 months; thus method of indexation or discount will not be applicable for computation. By considering this aspect computation of net capital gain or loss will be as follows: Particulars Calculations Amount Capital gain Antique vase $3 000.00-$2 000.00 $1 000.00 Shares $2 0000.00-$5 000.00 $15 000.00 $16 000.00 (A) Capital loss Painting $1 000.00-$9 000.00 -$8 000.00 Antique chair $1 000.00-$3 000.00 -$2 000.00 Sound system $11 000.00-$12 000.00 -$1 000.00 -$11 000.00 (B) Net capital gain A-B $5 000.00 Brian is a bank executive, and he received a loan of $1m at a special interest rate, i.e. 1% as part of his remuneration package. Brian had utilised 40% loan for production of income and satisfied all the obligation regarding interest payments. However, this benefit is taxable under provisions of fringe benefits tax (FBT). This part of the study deals with the taxability of benefit provided to Brian through providing a loan at a special interest rate. Regulatory provisions Fringe benefits tax is applicable in the tax system of Australia, approved the Australian Taxation Office. This tax is charged, mostly on benefits of non-cash that an employer offers in relation to employment (Faccio, and Xu 2015). This tax is imposed only on the employer not on the employee, and will be imposed in spite of; the benefit is offered to the employee directly or to the employees associate (Evans, 2015). The standard rate of interest is used to compute the tax value of the following; fringe benefit offered in terms of the loan, a fringe benefit of a car, in which employee decides to value benefit by the method of operating cost. For 2017 rate of statutory interest with reference to TD 2016/5 for FBT year1 April 2016 to 31 March 2017 is 5.65% (Woellner and et.al, 2016). Applicability of provisions By considering the above-described regulation of FBT, it can be said that Brian is liable to pay tax at different amount of interest. Computation of the taxable value of the fringe benefit for Brian for the 2016/17 FBT year is as follows: Particulars Amount Interest to be paid by applying special interest rate $1 000 000*1% $10 000.00 Interest to be paid by applying statutory rate $1 000 000*5.65% $56 500.00 Taxable value $56 500.00-$56 500.00 $46 500.00 In both, the cases taxable value will be same as the overall value of the benefit is considered, and there are no specific provisions regarding monthly or annual payment for a fringe benefit. In this case, situation rental property is purchased by Jack and Jill (his wife) as joint tenants. For this, they formed agreement according to which profit will be distributed in the ratio of 1:9 to Jack and Jill respectively and if there is loss than Jack will be entitled to 100% of the loss. Thus, the issue is regarding tax implication of revenue and capital loss. Regulatory provisions TR 93/32 taxation of rental property - division of net income or loss between co-owners From the common perception, it is reliable to distinguish the rental property owner into Beaumont J in McDonald's case at ATR p.96 joint owners in investments rather than instead of partners in operational activities of the business (Barrett and Veal, 2016). Thus, rental property co owners usually are not partners in terms of general law, and with the consequence that they are not regarded to the applicable general law of partnership inclusive of profit and loss distribution of property or assets (TR 93/32 taxation of rental property - division of net income or loss between co-owners, 1993). Personally, there is no survival of any partnership according to the general law, if the partners are respondent and their spouse. Their relation can be referred as co-ownership, even if they can be considered under the Act of subsection 6(1). Certain circumstances are of no consequence for our point. It sounds interesting; their academic partnership will take it out with results and will be considered as a partnership for certain reasons. It will not allow the respondent to make a deduction of the total loss in partnership (Pearce and Pinto, 2015). Although, respondent can only make a deduction in own interest the loss of partnership. Respondents own interest is that interest, on which a partner is entirely entitled. In contrast to his mutual interest in the total, FCT v Whiting (1943)[1]. Thus, It is vital to identify that both respondent and Mrs McDonald were only notional partners for the Acts purpose or were true partners as per the general law. Applicability of provisions and Conclusion By considering the above case provisions, jack is not entitled to the entire loss and he will compensate loss only portion of profit, i.e. 10%, and same will be applicable in a situation where this property is sold irrespective of the fact that there is capital gain or loss. In the case of IRC v. Duke of Westminster, he carried out a deed with his helpers who were its gardener or servants. In that agreement, Duke made a guaranteed to pay out some amount of money to his fellows for their provided services (QC, 2016). Further, the agreement was done in written and was submitted to his fellows, declaring that Duke will make payments with extra payment, if there would be any, for the payment made in exchange for their service provided. Duke attempted to claim these types of payments for a tax deduction for the agreement of tax evasion. Regulatory provisions and Applicability of provisions In the above-described case, the main problem lies with the deed that shall it be treated or observed as the employment agreement. Initially, Duke was not paying his fellows on a weekly basis nor on a monthly basis as the contract would mean to (Westminster doctrine, 2016). Thus it can be said that there was the least concern over the contract, which the most significant term the formulation n of legally obligatory contract. Under the deed of covenant, it payment can only be tax deductible if there is a yearly payment made to the helpers (Bankman and et.al, 2017). Duke would only entitle to make a claim for tax relief for the yearly payment or the payment made in exchange for services rendered in that particular period. Conclusion Relevancy of this case in the present scenario In this cited case, there was a suggestion that tax evasion will only be entitled if it practises that established statute law, in this case, the general rule of the deed of covalent format can decrease the tax liability of if it is accepted and the claim can only be made on a yearly basis. In March 2011, a document was issued by the revenue as Tackling Tax Avoidance, which showed how they would effort to solve the problems of tax evasion in upcoming future (Sharma, 2015). The document declared that they aim to make development in the rules of Tax Avoidance Disclosure, as per these some schemes of tax must be informed the taxation authorities, soon after the implementation (Bloom, 2015). The major aim is to help users for making out differences among terms related to artificial avoidance schemes and ordinary sensible tax planning. Regulatory provisions Taxation Ruling 95/6: Disposal of standing timber, not in the ordinary course of business Trees for disposal has been owned by a taxpayer, that has planted but not essentially by the taxpayer and intended for the sale might affect the actual value of trees contained in the assessable income of taxpayer as per the subsection 36(1), when the disposal would take place (Frecknall-Hughes and Kirchler, 2015). The tax will be payable irrespective of aspect that business is carried out of the forest operations, as long as the business is carried out by the taxpayer and the disposal is not done in the regular course of business (Burkhauser, Hahn and Wilkins, 2015). The major requirement is that the trees represent the business assets as a whole. If or if not the specific contract leads to trees disposal, as per distinct, from the sale of Land's interest, will mostly depend on the analyzing of the contract (Taxation Ruling: TR 95/6PW - Notice of Partial Withdrawal, 2010). The Subsection 36(1) will not be applicable, in case the trees are land leased and there is no entire ownership of the lessee on the leased land for this aspect case of Rose v. FC[2] can be considered (Bond and Wright, 2017). Disposal of rights to standing timber A taxpayer has been carrying a business of forest operations can put standing timber into a sale by providing the right to some individual to cut out the timber, if or if not there is right to cut the timber is practised (Taxation Ruling: TR 95/6PW - Notice of Partial Withdrawal, 2010). The income has been generated from the sale can be assessable, as per the subsection 25(1) (McNeil, 2015). Applicability of provisions and Conclusion In accordance with the regulatory provisions covered under Taxation Ruling 95/6, sales of timber is taxable in both the cases however provisions will differ. If Brian is engaged in Disposal of standing timber not in the ordinary course of business than taxability will be as per subsection 36(1) and if direct rights of procurement of timber are sold than taxability will be as per provisions of subsection 25(1) References Auerbach, A.J. and Hassett, K., 2015. Capital taxation in the twenty-first century.The Economic Review,105(5), pp.38-42. Yagan, D., 2015. Capital tax reform and the real economy: The effects of the 2003 dividend tax cut.The American Economic Review,105(12), pp.3531-3563. Faccio, M. and Xu, J., 2015. Taxes and capital structure.Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,50(3), pp.277-300. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C. and Pinto, D., 2016. Australian Taxation Law 2016.OUP Catalogue. Barrett, J.M. and Veal, J.A., 2016. Tax Rationality, Politics, and Media Spin: A Case Study of the Failed Car Park TaxProposal. Pearce, P. and Pinto, D., 2015. An evaluation of the case for a congestion tax in Australia.The Tax Specialist,18(4), pp.146-153. Bankman, J., Shaviro, D.N., Stark, K.J. and Kleinbard, E.D., 2017.Federal Income Taxation. Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Bloom, D., 2015. Tax avoidance-a view from the dark side.Melb. UL Rev.,39, p.950. QC, J.M., 2016. Ethics and tax compliance: the morality of tax avoidance. The good old days.Trusts Trustees,22(1), p.166. Frecknall-Hughes, J. and Kirchler, E., 2015. Towards a general theory of tax practice.Social Legal Studies,24(2), pp.289-312. Evans, S., 2015. It's' Clean Hands' Again: The Dirtiness of Not Paying Tax Considered in the Supreme Court. Sharma, S.K., 2015. 020_Law of Sales Tax. McNeil, K., 2015. Indigenous Territorial Rights in the Common Law. Bond, D. and Wright, A., 2017. A Snapshot of the Australian Taxpayer. Burkhauser, R.V., Hahn, M.H. and Wilkins, R., 2015. Measuring top incomes using tax record data: A cautionary tale from Australia.The Journal of Economic Inequality,13(2), pp.181-205. TR 93/32 taxation of rental property - division of net income or loss between co-owners. 1993. [Online]. Available through https://www.ato.gov.au/law/view/document?docid=TXR/TR9332/NAT/ATO/00001. [Accessed on 13th September 2017]. Westminster doctrine. 2016. [Online]. Available through https://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803121911242. [Accessed on 13th September 2017]. Taxation Ruling: TR 95/6PW - Notice of Partial Withdrawal. 2010. [Online]. Available through https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?docid=TXR/TR956PW/NAT/ATO/00001. [Accessed on 13th September 2017]. [2] T (1951) 84 CLR 118; 9 ATD 334.

The FBI Essay Example For Students

The FBI Essay The FBITo uphold the law through the investigation of violations of federal riminallaw; to protect the U.S. from foreign intelligence and terrorist activities; toprovide leadership and law enforcement assistance to federal, state, local, andinternational agencies; and to perform these responsibilities in a manner thatis responsive to the needs of the public and is faithful to the constitution ofthe U.S.: this is the mission of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The agency now known as the Federal Bureau of Investigation was foundedin 1908 when the Attorney General appointed an unnamed force of Special Agentsto be the investigative force of the Department of Justice (DOJ). Before thattime, the DOJ had to borrow Agents from the U.S. Secret Service to investigateviolations of federal criminal laws within its jurisdiction. In 1909, theSpecial Agent Force was renamed the Bureau of Investigation, and after a seriesof name changes, it received its present official name in 1935. We will write a custom essay on The FBI specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now During the early period of the FBIs history, its agents investigatedviolations of mainly bankruptcy frauds, antitrust crime, and neutralityviolation. During World War One, the Bureau was given the responsibility ofinvestigating espionage, sabotage, sedition (resistance against lawfulauthority), and draft violations. The passage of the National Motor VehicleTheft Act in 1919 further broadened the Bureaus jurisdiction. After the passage of Prohibition in 1920, the gangster era began, bringingabout a whole new type of crime. Criminals engaged in kidnapping and bankrobbery, which were not federal crimes at that time. This changed in 1932 withthe passage of a federal kidnapping statute. In 1934, many other federalcriminal statutes were passed, and Congress gave Special Agents the authority tomake arrests and to carry firearms. The FBIs size and jurisdiction during the second World War increasedgreatly and included intelligence matters in South America. With the end of thatwar, and the arrival of the Atomic Age, the FBI began conducting backgroundsecurity investigations for the White House and other government agencies, aswell as probes into internal security matters for the executive branch of thegovernment. In the 1960s, civil rights and organized crime became major concerns of theFBI, and counterterrorism, drugs, financial crime, and violent crimes in the1970s. These are still the major concerns of the FBI, only now it is to agreater extent.. With all of this responsibility, it is logical to say that the FBI is afield-oriented organization. They have nine divisions and four offices at FBIHeadquarters in Washington, D.C. These divisions and offices provide directionand support services to 56 field offices and approximately 10,100 Special Agentsand 13,700 other employees. Each FBI field office is overseen by a SpecialAgent in Charge, except for those located in New York City and Washington, D.C. Due to their large size, those offices are each managed by an Assistant Directorin Charge. FBI field offices conduct their official business both directly from theirheadquarters and through approximately 400 satellite offices, known as residentagencies. The FBI also operates specialized field installations: two RegionalComputer Support Centers; one in Pocatello, Idaho, and one in Fort Monmouth, NewJersey and two Information technology Centers (ITCs); one at Butte, Montana,and one at Savannah, Georgia. The ITCs provide information services to supportfield investigative and administrative operations. Because they do have so much responsibility, their investigative authorityis the broadest of all federal law enforcement agencies. The FBI also stresseslong term, complex investigation, emphasize close relations and informationsharing with other federal, state, local, and foreign law enforcement andintelligence agencies. A significant number of FBI investigations are conductedwith other law enforcement agencies or as part of joint task forces. .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985 , .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985 .postImageUrl , .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985 , .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985:hover , .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985:visited , .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985:active { border:0!important; } .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985:active , .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985 .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u05e3c2e1e80f5b0ce54e1df4b6429985:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nelson Mandela EssayAs part of this process, the FBI has divided its investigations into thefollowing programs:Applicant ProgramDepartment of Energy and Nuclear RegulatoryCommission ApplicantsDepartment of justice CandidatesFBI Special Agents and Support Applicantsand othersCivil Rights ProgramCivil Rights Act of 1964Discrimination in HousingEqual Credit Opportunity ActCounterterrorism ProgramHostage takingSabotageAttempted of Actual Bombingsand othersFinancial Crime ProgramBank Fraud and EmbezzlementEnvironmental CrimesFraud Against the Governmentand othersForeign Counterintelligence ProgramsEspionageForeign Counterintelligence MattersOrganized Crime/Drug ProgramDrug Matt ersMoney LaunderingOrganized Crime/Drug Enforcement Task Force Mattersand othersViolent Crimes and Major Offenders ProgramTheft of Government PropertyCrime Aboard AircraftKidnapping Extortionand othersThese programs cover most everything that the FBI investigates, and someindividual cases in a program often receives extensive investigative attentionbecause of their size, potential impact, or sensitivity. Because FBI Special Agents are responsible for handling so manydifferent things, they have to go through rigorous training in the followingareas: Academics, Firearms, Physical Training/Defense Tactics, and PracticalExercises. Within these four major areas are components like interviewingtechniques, communications, computer skills, and drug investigations. Altogether there are 15 components in the four areas I listed previously. Theyreceive all of this training at the FBI academy in Quantico, Virginia and mustcomplete 645 hours (15 weeks) of instruction before they graduate. The training in the academy is difficult, but those who have made itthere have already passed the first test. To qualify for training as an FBIAgent, you must be:1. a U.S. citizen2. between the ages of 23 and 37 when entering on duty;3. hold a bachelors degree obtained in an accredited four-year resident program at a college or university; and4. have three years full-time work experience, or fluency in a language for which the Bureau has a need for. After graduation from the FBI Academy, a new Special Agent is assignedto an FBI field office. This assignment is determined by the individualsspecial skills and the needs of the bureau. As part of their duties, SpecialAgents are required to relocate during their careers. Special Agents enterservice in Grade GS 10 on the federal governments General Schedule pay scale andcan advance to Grade 13 in field assignment. In our society today, one of the most important things to us is oursafety. Organizations like the FBI help protect us and investigate crimes tohelp prevent future ones. Their motto is Fidelity, Bravery, and Integrity, andI think that each one of those words is justified when it comes to describingthe Federal Bureau of Investigation. When the duties of the FBI are stated inthe mission it says to perform these duties in a manner that is responsive tothe needs of the public and is faithful to the Constitution of the United States. . Law

Psalm 145

Psalm 145 Free Online Research Papers Psalm 145 David is praising God and telling of the coming praise from His people after they see His glory and what He provides for them. Outline: I. David is telling that he will praise God forever and lift Him on high (v. 1). II. David is telling God that he will praise His name daily forever (v. 2). III. No one truly knows the greatness of the Lord and just how worthy of praise He is (v. 3). IV. The people will pass along the greatness of the Lord to future generations and tell them of His greatness (v. 4). V. We will tell of how great the Lord’s works are and be amazed at just how great He can be to us (v. 5). VI. The people will talk about and tell others how powerful the Lord is and tell about things He has done for them (v. 6). VII. The people will celebrate the Lord’s goodness to them by singing praises to Him (v. 7). VIII. The Lord is forgiving and loves us regardless of what we do if we ask for His forgiveness (v. 8). IX. The Lord is compassionate to us and is good to you regardless of how we may at times treat Him or seem ungrateful for the greatness He has given us (v. 9). X. The Lord’s followers will speak of His greatness to others and praise Him for what He has blessed them with (v. 10). XI. We will tell of the greatness of heaven and tell of what the Lord can do for all the believe in Him (v. 11). Research Papers on Psalm 145Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2The Spring and Autumn19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraStandardized TestingWhere Wild and West MeetMind TravelGenetic EngineeringTwilight of the UAWThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Mary Wilkins-Freeman Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mary Wilkins-Freeman - Research Paper Example Mary Wilkins Freeman is considered as one of the earliest feminist writers and placed at the same category with the writers like Harriet Beecher Stowe and  Sarah Orne Jewett. Critics find her work many a times quite provincial and they claim they are too oriented to New England. But new critics find an inherent feminist call in all her works. There is a story of struggle and women empowerment in all her stories that mark and initiate the trajectory of modern women and feminist discourse. Freeman’s story projects series of character and she is famous for her art of characterization. Critics view that the stories of Wilkins presents Randolph neighbourhood. This essay intends to study the characters from the stories, ‘New England Nun’, ‘A Church Mouse’, ‘Old Woman Magoun’ and his famous story, ‘The Revolt of Mother’ which was also broadcasted and dramatized in PBS in the recent past, and relates the lives of the protagonist of these stories with that of Wilkins and explores the reflection of the life of an individual writer made universal and relative through the immense and intense portrayal of life-like characters. Comparative Study of the Protagonists of Short Stories: New England Nun, A Church Mouse, The Revolt of Mother and Old Woman Magoun and Analysis of their Life with that of Wilkins’ Own Story To analyse the conflict of paradoxical voices within conscience of the protagonists of the stories like ‘New England Nun’, ‘A Church Mouse’, The Revolt of Mother’ and ‘Old Woman Magoun’ and to establish relative contexts with that of the Wilkins’ life, it is important to have a brief look at the writer’s life and these stories individually. A close look at the life of Wilkins enables the reader to understand the kind of struggle the woman has undergone and as a first generation working woman the kind of struggle she had to face in order to strike the balance between her profession and family. As a writer and a conscious citizen, she had a pertinent rebellious spirit captivated within her body and therefore had to fight a consistent and relentless battle between her inner voice that always had tried to stand against the orthodox social and religious constraints and the other voice did not permit out to be a staunch rebel and instead guided her to the path of calm domesticity. Torn asunder under the paradoxes of self and inner conscience, Mary Wilkins Freeman chosen the medium of literature to speak out her mind and aware the society of her thoughts. Under these circumstances of writer’s life it is quite pertinent that the reflections of these paradoxes are deciphered in the characters of her stories. â€Å"New England Nun† is a story of a woman named Lousia Ellis and the story was published in the year 1891. The protagonist of the story is Louisa Ellis, who has spend a major portion of her life alone wit h her pet dog Caesar whom she thinks better to be chained always as it had bitten a neighbour when it was a puppy. Lousia is shown eccentric by nature who is always obsessed with cleanliness of her home and is shown wearing double apron and busy in cleaning her house, books and she prefers to eat in her clean china every day. Lousia promised her beloved, Joe Dagget before leaving for fortune hunting to Australia that she will marry her. After 14 years when

School Board Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

School Board Policies - Essay Example While schools should not appear to be fortresses, some sort of perimeter security might have alerted school officials. Finally, the matter of internal campus security is impacted by these events. While teachers and students acted very bravely to prevent loss of life, there was no â€Å"lock-down† procedure in place. What follows is a section on proactive planning for a violent emergency, and one about attenuating the possibility of such an occurrence through counseling or anonymous reporting schemes. In terms of policy actions, all of this is good; but none of it would have prevented the Red Lake incident. A crisis document that included a lockdown procedure might have saved some lives; and a policy of mentoring or other intervention in the lives of youth who exhibit anti-social behavior at school might have made an impact on Jeff Wise. At the school board policy level, however, there is a severe limitation when an individual decides to arm himself, crash onto campus in a police vehicle, and start shooting. The question for the writers of policy will be the balance between security and freedom. If we put a military-style, guarded perimeter around schools that are festooned with security personnel and no privacy at all for the students, the probability of another school shooting incident will certainly go down. The cost of that assurance will be high, however, as our children learn to fear everything and everybody.

Public Attitudes to Youth Crime Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Public Attitudes to Youth Crime - Case Study Example The report involved applying a qualitative approach to research in which 125 participants were engaged; of which 68 were female while 57 were male. All the participants were between 18 and 76 years of age. A focus group methodology was then applied to analyzing the diversity and range of community attitudes towards youth perpetrated crime, and the reasons underlying the presented views. The article identified youth delinquency and antisocial behavior as a major source of concern and contributor to local crime statistics. Youth groups that often hang around neighborhoods and public spaces are described as intimidating presences that start out being moderately petty annoyances and disruptive in behavior, before moving on to behavior that could be intentionally intimidating and offensive, before graduating to committing outright violence. Antisocial behavior was also presented when the youth engaged in vandalism, damaged cars, smashed windows and place graffiti on public spaces. The art icle further argues that the local community had failed on curtailing youth delinquency and antisocial behavior, by failing to discipline the youth they condoned the behavior and allowed the youth to graduate into worse forms of delinquency. The local community and parents were not the only groups’ assigned blame for youth delinquency and antisocial behavior, the weak and ineffectual criminal justice system was also assigned blame. Poor parenting and the diminished sense of community were specifically identified as the major factors that allowed the youth to grow up without the understanding that their actions had consequences or respect for authority.

Development of Buildability and Constructability

Development of Buildability and Constructability What is buildability or constructability? Is design for buildability or constructability is approachable? Can buildability concepts and theories enhance designers awareness of construction knowledge and buildability issues and reduce rework and increase construction productivity? , or can it inadvertently limit designers creativity? At the heart of this review paper are debates about the potential of buildability concept and the usability of construction knowledge in design to sustain and develop buildable designs. Construction is the worlds largest and most challenging industry [R. L. Tucker, 1986]. In 1997, the US construction industry accounted for 10% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employed over 10 Million, making the industry the largest in the country [E. Allmon, C. T. Hass, J. D. Borcherding and P. M. Goodrum, 2000]. On the other hand, a 10% increase in construction labour productivity would yield annual savings of about  £1 Billion to the British economy [R. M. W. Horner, B. T. Talhouni and H. R. Thomas, (1989).]; a similar conclusion was echoed by Stoekel and Quirke [S. Adams, (1989).]. Several factors affect project productivity but, buildability is among the most important [R. M. W. Horner, B. T. Talhouni and H. R. Thomas, 1989)., S. Adams, (1989)]. In practice, design and construction processes are normally carried out in a sequential manner. Since 1805 the construction industry has benefited from the various advantages this approach (Dunican, 1984). It allows the different parties in the project to compete and provide the best results for the project while defending and upholding their rights and duties within their respective disciplines (Griffith, 1986). Although the separation of design and construction allows the construction processes to be managed systematically between the various stages and disciplines, the industry is still being criticised for poor performance, being under productive, lack of competitiveness, and consuming longer product development time. Various studies have revealed that since 1950, the construction industry has realised the important of analysing design for construction implications, if the production work on site is to be effectively performed (Gray,1986). To overcome this inherent problems from the separation of design and construction, a concept known as buildability in the UK and constructability in USA is established and marketed to the industry (Illingworth, 1984; CIRIA, 1983; NEDO, 1975; Griffith, 1985; Gray, 1983; Moore, 1996). By using the buildability concept as a means to improve the construction industry, many ideas have been put forward by various researchers to remove the disadvantages of separating the design and construction process (Illingworth, 1983; CIRIA, 1983; CII, 1986; Tatum, 1987). The issue of buildability and academic research in the field for that matter has been an evolving one over the last three decades; moulded by reaction to changes in the procurement environment and in the case of academic buildability research, to advancements in the science of methodology. Regarding the latter, developing techniques such as neural networks, fuzzy decision making, buildability scores system and 3d/4d technology technologies have witnessed application among a range of assessing buildabilty problems (ref.). This paper will review and synthesise the existing research efforts in order to establish state of the art collective knowledge in relation to buildability problems causes and effects. It aims to create two separate taxonomies, which are comprehensive collections of all project change causes and change effects identified in previous studies. A simple case study is presented to demonstrate how the taxonomies provide a useful framework for construction professionals to manage project changes. However, they are not management tools that can be used directly in practice. Instead, they provide a basis for developing project management solutions and toolkits. While the industry focus of this study is construction, the developed taxonomies can be modified and adopted for other project-based industrial sectors (change). Aim and objectives of this study This backcloth of evolvement brings matters conveniently to the focus of this study, the aim of which was to critically appraise academic research within the field of construction buildability, published over a time window of circa 30 years prior to 2011. Objectives related to this aim included particular consideration of: (1) the foci of that research; (2) stated research drivers; (3) favoured methodological approaches; (4) research tools employed; and (5) the products of research effort. Buildability assessment method (6) Buildability attributes Based on observation of outcomes resulting from satisfying these objectives, the contribution of published academic research is considered, and future research direction intimated. The literature review: The principal method for this study is literature review and analysis. A preliminary review found that studies on buildability assessment fall into a broad spectrum, covering buildability problems causes and effects, buildability attributes, as well as assessment methods and techniques. Given the large volume of published work, there was a need to set a limit to the scope of the review. The study was chosen to focus on buildability assessment models and the stages of its implementation, because a good understanding of buildability models is a prerequisite for effective. Such a decision excluded papers from the review. The targeted literature sources are limited to refereed academic journals, published in English. They are a good representation of the breadth and depth of research achievements; and they have been scrutinised through peer review. In recent years, most academic journals began to provide online access. The emergence of a number of publication index databases has greatly assisted the literature search task. As for the date of publication, no explicit restriction was set. However, because few pre 1990s publications were covered by the online index databases the number of papers identified for that period is very small. This will be revealed in the following analyses. Development of buildability and constructability concept: The word buildability appears to have first entered the language in the late nineteen seventies [D. W. Cheetham and J. Lewis, (2001).]. Concerns on the disparate phases in building development was raised in the early 1960s when a series of studies, such as Emmerson (1962), Banwell (1964), Tavistock (1965), EDC (1967) and NEDO (1975), were carried out in the UK. The issue of buildability and academic research in the field for that matter has been an evolving one over the last three decades; moulded by reaction to changes in the procurement environment and in the case of academic buildability research, to advancements in the science of methodology. Regarding the latter, developing techniques such as neural networks, fuzzy decision making, buildability scores system and 3d/4d technology technologies have witnessed application among a range of assessing buildabilty problems (ref.). To gain a better understanding of buildability problems, especially their causes and effects, has been a long-standing research challenge. Emmerson Report: An early attempt to address buildability can be credited to Sir Harold Emmerson (1962) when he suggested the development of a new form of relationship between designers and constructors. The point of concern was the lack of cohesion between designers and constructors and the inability of both parties to see the whole construction process through each others eyes. The report was the first that has emphasised that the inefficiencies in the construction industry stemmed from inadequacies of communications and coordination. The quality of the relationship between the professions and subcontractors was seen as affecting the efficiency of building operations. Emmerson criticised the lack of cohesion existing within the industry. Banwell Report: In the UK, since the Emmerson Report (1962), numerous researches had been carried out to identify the causes of buildability problems and search for solutions for improvement. Banwell 1964 highlighted the fragmented characteristics of the industry and inefficient designs produced by designers deficient in construction knowledge without involvement of contractors. Banwell 1964 suggested that: design and construction must be considered together and that in the traditional contracting situation, the contractor is too far removed from the design stage at which his specialised knowledge and techniques could be put to invaluable use The report called for more attention to be given to pre-contract planning and design formulation and criticised professionalism as being narrow sighted, giving rise to unnecessary and inefficient construction practices. It was suggested that: clients define their building requirements clearly at the start of the design stage; the building process should better integrate the stages of design and construction; and that traditional construction practices should be reviewed to seek interdisciplinary approach. A subsequent study (Economic Development Council 1967) reported that the recommendations made in the Banwell Report had not been successfully implemented within the construction industry and that flexible approaches to traditional procedures should be sought and new initiatives developed if meaningful change within the industry was to be achieved. The Wood Report in the mid-1970s (National Economic Development Office 1975) suggested that in the decade following the Emmerson and Banwell reports some improvements had been made in the quest for integrating better the processes of design and construction. In general however, the original problems remained and it was suggested that efforts should be directed towards increasing the level of awareness for the problems and designing measures to bring together the design and construction processes such that the construction stage might directly capitalise on design initiatives. Tavistock: Later, the report of the Tavistock (1965) highlighted that the causes of the communication problems between contracting parties could be attributable to the division of responsibilities and the pattern of relationships. Since then, the need to integrate disparate development phases has triggered a large number of studies in different countries. Griffith: Griffith (1984) suggested inviting construction expertise early at the design stage, using contractual arrangements that facilitate the improvement of buildability. Griffith (1984) further pointed out that the capability of project management embracing suitable procurement approaches would contribute to improved buildability with concomitant benefits for overall project performance. Griffith and Sidwell (1997) also maintained that decisions taken early in a projects life cycle have greater potential to influence the final outcome of the project, based on the Pareto Principle. Griffith and Sidwell (1997) highlighted that buildability must be considered from the first notional idea suggested by the client, and is quite simply a prerequisite throughout what may be considered to be a staged process. Griffith and Sidwell [17] identified several similar problems, which are lack of consideration on interrelationship between different construction elements and skills required; and less flexibility of design and leeway within design details for materials, components, plants and craft tolerances. Constructability includes number of activities during all project life cycle phases. Griffith Sidwell (1995) believe that application of these activities during early stages of total construction projects causes more influences on overall cost and value. Constructability must always remain as the ingenious thinking throughout the project life cycle to overcome project difficulties and barriers. Griffith Sidwell (1997) illustrate some of these difficulties such as low level of awareness; demarcation; lack of incentives; reticence; and competitive stance adopted by construction professionals. So identification, mitigation and review of constructability barriers and barrier-breakers, which affect directly on efficiently implementation of a constructability program, is a must during project life cycle (OConnor Miller, 1994, 1995). Griffith (1987) suggested a compromise between consciously making the design more buildable and accommodating the many factors imparting an influence upon design, including quality, aesthetics, time and cost. It is essential to consider constructability at an early stage in the total construction process, because the ability to influence project cost, and so value for money, from the client s viewpoint, diminish as the project progresses in time. (Griffith Sidwell, 1995). Construction projects can be divided into different stages as conceptual planning and briefing, design, procurement, construction and post construction (start up and use) (Alan Griffith Sidwell, 1995). Generally, there are many all-around benefits of good constructability; these are measurable not only in cost and time, but also in terms of the physiological and psychological gains for the participants in the total construction process (Alan Griffith Sidwell, 1995). Griffith (1987) suggested a compromise between consciously making the design more buildable and accommodating the many factors imparting an influence upon design including quality, aesthetics, time, and cost. Methods should be sought to improve constructability by designing for economical use of labor and widely available and versatile tools, plant and equipment. Griffith (1984 1985) also added that managerial aspects have the greatest potential to increase productivity and achieve good buildability. A subsequent research study (Griffith 1984; Griffith 1985a) was similarly narrow in scope, but recognised in its findings the fundamental weakness in focusing narrowly on the attributes of design to aid construction on site. It was suggested that concentrating on design was important, but that project site and management-based factors must also be considered. The difficulties surrounding the determination of conceptual boundaries for buildability have been discussed in further studies (Bishop 1985; Griffith 1985b).It was the narrow focus, together with the complexities of the traditional contractual processes, that led to the diminishing interest in buildability concepts within the UK construction industry during the late 1980s. Creating a building that is easier to construct cannot be the sole aim of the client (Griffith Sidwell 1995). Further research by Griffith and Sidwell (1995) presents an outline for developing a constructability strategy at each key stage of the construction process. This considers many of the factors suggested by Chen and McGeorge. This approach sought to stimulate creative thought about the nature of each stage such that important questions and considerations about the building process would not be missed and to encourage action to be taken by the respective participants to pursue constructability. In the strategic consideration of constructability it is likely that future research and practice might focus on: the more holistic view of constructability to develop more encompassing strategies to be developed for considering constructability at each stage in the total building process; the concentration on a fewer number of factors which influence constructability such that greater reliability can be built in to the strategies developed; and the formulation of management methods that are readily adaptable to the individual project situation, including non-traditionally procured projects. CIRIA: Thereafter, the Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) (1983) in the UK introduced the concept of buildability and the Construction Industry Institute (CII) (1986) in the US developed the notion of constructability. The CIRIA (1983) defined buildability as the extent to which the design of a building facilitates ease of construction, subject to the overall requirements for the completed building. It indicates the importance of design considerations geared towards buildability improvement. Subsequently, a similar concept of constructability was introduced by the CII (1986) as the optimum use of construction knowledge and experience in planning, design, and procurement and field operations to achieve overall project objectives. It dealt with the optimal integration of construction expertise and experience at various project stages to achieve the overall project goals. Since then, numerous studies have been conducted in order to strive for better project perf ormance through improving buildability. For examples, Francis et al. (1999) found that better buildability could contribute to early completion of projects; Jergeas and Put (2001) as well as Low and Abeyegoonasekera (2001) showed that buildable designs would lead to saving in project costs and costs of change orders; others such as Trigunarsyah (2004a, 2004b) and Low (2001) pointed out that buildable designs would bring about improved quality and safety performance, as well as higher productivity levels, and mitigate the risks of unforeseen problems. Despite these developments, it has become evident that the progress of resolving buildability problems is still unsatisfactory. Construction industry review reports typically found contractors having little input into the design (Egan, 1998), or consultants putting little emphasis on buildability (CIRC, 2001). The ensuing review by Wolstenholme (2009) of the UK construction industry also points to the need for better integration of the construction supply chain using a whole life cycle approach. More specifically, some good examples of involving the contractors early in the design process have been cited, indicating the need to improve buildability. In view of these findings, a set of principles targeted at designers under the traditional procurement system was drawn up by the Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA). Following the reports of Emmerson and Banwell, the Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) supported a major research initiative to investigate what they regarded to be, the principal problems of construction practice. Their attention focused on a concept which they referred to as buildability, suggesting that building designs were not providing value for money in terms of the efficiency and effectiveness in the way in which the building process was then being carried out (change). The report of their investigations, Buildability: An Assessment, (CIRIA 1983) presented seven categories of buildability principles to: carry out thorough investigation and design; plan for essential site production requirements; plan for a practical sequence of operations and early enclosure; plan for simplicity of assembly and logical trade sequences; detail for maximum repetition and standardisation; detail for achievable tolerance; and specify robust and suitable materials. C IRIA stated that their methodological approach provided data that were too limited to be certain that the categories identified were final and universal, although they had sufficient confidence to publish the categories as provisional guidelines. It is from this original study that buildability research and practice evolved (change). The initial CIRIA report was followed by a further study (Adams 1989) in which the original seven categories of buildability principles were further developed to present 16, more definite, principles. This study is most purposeful since, although it still focuses on design, it does begin to widen the perspective of buildability and point the way towards recognising the true complexity and multifaceted nature of the issues involved. The first CIRIA study, while laudibly raising general awareness to the concepts and principles of buildability and therefore achieving its basic objective, was unfortunately restricted in focus. Egan Report: More recently, the Egan Report (1998) awakened attentions that the general buildability performance was far from being satisfactory. Contractors were also found to have little input into the design in the UKs construction scene, thus constituting a comparatively lower productivity figure for the industry (Graham and Bird, 2001). Egan (1998) claims that too much time is spent in construction on site trying to make design work in practice. He adds that contractors have little input into the design and this is indicative of a fundamental malaise in the industry the separation of design from the rest of the project. This is mainly because the traditional procurement method of design-bid-build remains rooted within the industry (Arditi et al. 2002; Song et al. 2009; Kent and Becerik- Gerber 2010). Egan (1998) subsequently encouraged longer term procurement relationships in favour of selective methods, as a mechanism to achieving quality and efficiency improvement; while in a second report (Egan, 2003), arguably rooted the term integrated supply chains into procurement dialogue. More recently, the Egan Report (1998) awakened attentions that the general buildability performance was far from being satisfactory. Contractors were also found to have little input into the design in the UKs construction scene, thus cons tituting a comparatively lower productivity figure for the industry (Graham and Bird, 2001). Over the years since the definition of buildability has been put forward by the CIRIA 1983, lots of studies have highlighted the prospective benefits to be brought about by improved constructability Arditi et al. 2002; McGeorge and Palmer 2002; CIRC 2001; Francis et al. 1999; CIIA 1996; CII 1986; Griffith 1984; Gray 1983. With the potential benefits as incentives, methods and practices have been proposed for more efficient designs minimizing construction wastages on site. However, as time passes by, the progress of resolving constructability problems is still regarded as being unsatisfactory CIRC 2001; Egan 1998. The underlying reasons are multifaceted Ma et al. 2001; Uhlik and Lores 1998; Griffith and Sidwell 1995; OConnor and Miller 1994, which have led to the current sluggish use of pull factors in the pursuit for better design constructability. More recently, push factors have been put in place by the Singaporean Government, which has enforced a legislation to enhance constructab ility by requiring minimum buildable scores to be attained before building plans are approved. The calculation of buildable scores is based on the buildable design appraisal system BDAS, which was modeled from the in-house buildability appraisal system of a major Japanese contractor, Takenaka Corporation Poh and Chen 1998. After the implementation of BDAS, follow-up studies have demonstrated the correlations between higher buildable scores and the improvements of site productivity, construction quality, and manpower consumption Lam 2002; Low 2001; Poh and Chen 1998. Buildability is a major issue across global construction industries and in particular the UK industry.

Refutation: The Story of Bigger Thomas ( Native Son ) :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Darryl Pinckney’s discerning critical essay, â€Å"Richard Wright: The Unnatural History of a Native Son,† Pinckney states that all of Wright’s books contain the themes of violence, inhumanity, rage, and fear. Wright writes about these themes because he expresses, in his books, his convictions about his own struggles with racial oppression, the â€Å"brutal realities of his early life.† Pinckney claims that Wright’s works are unique for Wright’s works did not attempt to incite whites to acknowledge blacks. Wright does not write to preach that blacks are equal to whites. The characters in Wright’s works, including Bigger Thomas from Native Son, are not all pure in heart; the characters have psychological burdens and act upon their burdens. For instance, Bigger Thomas, long under racial oppression, accidentally suffocates Mary Dalton in her room for fear that he will be discriminated against and charged with the r ape of Mary Dalton. Also, according to Pinckney, although the characters of Wright’s books are under these psychological burdens, they always have â€Å"futile hopes [and] desires.† At the end of Native Son, Bigger is enlightened by the way his lawyer Max treats him, with the respect of a human being. Bigger then desires nothing but to live, but he has been sentenced to death. Although Pinckney expresses many strong points in his critical essay, he also reveals weak points. For example, Pinckney mentions that Wright is neither a black leader such as Malcolm X nor a writer with any strong background in American literature, yet Pinckney implicitly states that Wright is a great writer and that one must analyze his past to understand how he is a great writer. In that perspective, he also commends Wright’s book, Native Son. He states: Native Son is unmatched in its power†¦It is not true as Baldwin claims that Bigger Thomas, the doomed, frustrated black boy, is just another stereotype†¦extreme in his wish to injure himself and do injury to others†¦ Pinckney praises Native Son as a powerful intellectual book that deals with issues of racism and oppression. He says explicitly that it is the most powerful book, but it is unclear what domain of books Pinckney is comparing Native Son with. Pinckney refutes James Baldwin’s statement about Native Son, saying that Bigger Thomas is not a mere stereotype, but an example of a stressed black boy of the racially segregated American society during the 1930s. It is true that Bigger Thomas is a victim of a racially segregated society.

Loneliness and outsiders Essay

An outsider like crippled Crooks has no one to protect him, all he has is his American Civil Law book which defends his rights as a individual living in the U. S. A and seems to give him a certain comfort knowing that not anyone can argue against his tattered old book. Just as all of his feelings are exposed, Curley’s wife threatens him and once again, he withdraws himself back to the liniment which seems to be the only thing in the world that makes Crooks feels better, even if he is ostracised from the rest. Curley’s wife is one of the most significant characters to the novel because she shows loneliness on different levels. Because of being married to Curley she has a high status in the ranch, but this is exactly why she has no one but herself. Workers are afraid of getting too close to her in case innocent talking turns into more which could cost them their jobs†¦ or even lives. Nevertheless she is led to seek solace with the other men even if they are at the bottom of the social hierarchy on the ranch. And due to all the isolation, the only way to get noticed by the other men is to be a charmer, but this is what makes her so misunderstood. She expresses her true feelings about what could have been to Lennie while he sits on the hay and absorbs absolutely nothing but reflects on the poor little pup that he unintentionally killed. Curley’s wife reminisces about how she could have been a Hollywood star and had all the superficial items that so many celebrities buy. Throughout her time on the ranch she has always thought her mother was the reason why Hollywood never became a reality for her, she said, ‘I never got that letter, I always thought my old lady stole it. So I married Curley. ‘ This was her dream while on the ranch and like so many others, it shows how much of an outsider and a gullible person she was. In her life there had always been dominant figures like her mother and then Curley. So she has no real idea about how to be autonomous and become more of an independent woman. It could be said that she doesn’t know how to interact correctly with people, persistently asking sympathetic rhetorical questions and also being very manipulative and discerning. These virtues are what make Curley’s wife such a great character, she has no official name but is possibly one of the most complex characters to depict. Lennie is a simple person, mentally and literally. No one actually understands what he is saying most of the time because the ranch workers have never seen anyone so perplexed and bewildered as he. Without George he would be lost in life, Lennie relies on him to eat and to get him out of trouble whenever it’s needed most. Even though he blows arguments out of proportion by saying things like, ‘I wouldn’t eat no ketchup if it was right here beside me’ although he really does want the ketchup and is just playing on his own innocence. In one perspective Lennie is quite clever because if there is an opportunity where he can get George to take pity on him, then he will take it, but the majority of the time he is just retarded through no fault of his own. In the book sometimes Lennie is compared to an animal, like when he didn’t want to give the mouse to George but then handed it over and started to sulk, ‘Slowly, like a terrier who doesn’t want to bring a ball back to its master, Lennie approached. ‘ And another time was when he was walking along the dusty road with George, ‘He walked heavily, dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws. ‘ Steinbeck chooses to describe him as an animal to symbolise the title, ‘Of Mice and Men’, maybe Lennie is the mouse and George is the man or the other way round. That’s how Lennie is an outsider, because he’s an amoral animal who doesn’t know his own strength, which is sometimes practical, but when he handles creatures and humans too ruthlessly, he does not know when to stop and that is when the exertion begins for George and Lennie. Lennie and George stick together through thick and thin, even when times get complicated, George seems to find a way out for the pair of them. ‘Circular narrative’ is when something happens in a story and after a while it occurs again. Throughout the novel Lennie repeats phrases and quotes to George that they have already talked about previously, like the whole ketchup scenario, tending the rabbits, owning and living off the fat of the land etc. This shows that Lennie knows George so well that he assumes all there is to talk about is rabbits and land. That is what makes him a lonesome man because all the conversation is about the same thing and whatever he wants to talk about. All the characters in ‘Of Mice and Men’ go through a form of loneliness and a feeling of not belonging. At times they can be self-centred which is mainly when two characters are in discussion which each other but not paying attention to the other. Maybe this is one of the reasons that loneliness strikes them, as they do not listen and are all wrapped up in their own impenetrable worlds. But this is what makes the book ‘Of Mice and Men’ so fascinating to read, all the people have their own problems and dreams because they all share the strong emotions of loneliness and individuality, and even though they may think that they are all diverse, the audience can grasp that each person is more and more like the other.

Information Technology Essay Example

Information Technology Essay Example Information Technology Essay Information Technology Essay REPORT ON ATTACHMENT AT KENYA POWER AND LIGHTING COMPANY FOR THE PERIOD SEPTEMBER TO NOVEMBER 2009 NAME OF STUDENT: LESIAMITO DUNCAN SAIDIMU REGISTRATION NO: MAC-1-295-2/2007 NAME OF LECTURER: MR. RONALD WANYONYI Report submitted to the department of Computer information systems in particular fulfillment of the requirement for the bachelors of Science degree in computer information systems. SUBMISSION DATE: 9th December 2009 DECLARATION: I declare that this is my original work and has not been presented anywhere else to the best of my knowledge. Name†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. Signature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ CONFIRMATION BY THE SUPERVISOR I confirm work has not been presented anywhere else to the best of my knowledge. Name†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Signature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Dedication I dedicate this report to my family and colleagues both in attachment and school who have been very supportive throughout the period I have been on my attachment. Acknowledgements I would wish to appreciate the greatly indebted support from the KPLC ITT staff. They offered a warm reception of orientation in all operation and greatly dedicated their precious effort guiding me throughout my attachment period. I also thank my supervisor Mr. Wanyonyi for guiding and assisting during the attachment period and in writing this report. I thank the Almighty father for the wonderful opportunity and strength during this period. Abstract This is report on my internship that I undertook in Kenya Power and Lighting Co. Ltd Central Rift region IT T department for the period September-November 2009. It entails the activities and duties assigned to me during this period they involved printer fault diagnosis and repair, software installation and configuration, preventive maintenance, taking of inventory and hardware repair and replacement. It also came across different software, hardware and Information Systems that I used, repaired, installed or configured; these included Ics, Dcs, Tms among others. The attachment was about implementing the theoretical skills gained in the class practically as well as developing a room for further research and exchange of ideas. I got to interact with many people who helped me educationally, emotionally and socially I company should decentralize some of administration support activities to the branch offices in order to reduce delays the delivery of services. Table of content Acknowledgements†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Abstract. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦ Table of content. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦ Dedication†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. List of Symbols and Their Respective Meanings. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦ CHAPTER ONE Introduction. †¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦ Location. †¦ †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Information Technology. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦ †¦ Telecommunication†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦. Kenya Power and Lighting Ltd Vision Statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦ Kenya Power and Lighting Ltd Mission statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. †¦ KPLC core values. . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. †¦. †¦ †¦ KPLC Internal Motto. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. †¦ KPLC External Motto. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. KPLC’S ROLE†¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Organization Details. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Transmission and distribution†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦ Demand/ supply of electricity:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Organizational Structure Central Rift (Nakuru). †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ IT T Policy Document. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Objectives of IT T†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦ Vision of IT T Division†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦ Definition of IT T Policy.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ CHAPTER TWO Duties /Activities. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Information Technology Department. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Data Network.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Duties†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Software†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Hardware†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Information Systems†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ CHAPTER THREE Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. Significance of the course to the attachment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Significance of the course to the attachment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Critiques. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. Recommendations. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. List of symbols and their respective meanings LCA: Local Collection Application DCS: Design and Construction System ICS: Integrated Customer Service CPU: Central Processing Unit PC: Personal Computer MS Exchange: Microsoft Exchange LRA: Local Reading Application UPS: Uninterrupted Power Supply HHS: -Hand Held Set SCADA: -System Control and Data Acquisition RTU: -Remote Terminal Unit DTU: -Data Terminal Unit ITT Information Technology and Telecommunication TKL:- Telkom Kenya. KDN: -Kenya Data Network. 1. CHAPTER ONE 1. 1 Introduction. The Kenya Power and Lighting Company Ltd. (KPLC) is a limited liability company responsible of electricity transmission, distribution and retailing in Kenya. The company is a national electric utility, managing electric, licensing, billing, emergency electricity service and customer relations. It is a Public limited company listed at the Nairobi Stock Exchange (NSE) with the Government of Kenya owning 51% and 49% by the public in form of share ownership. KPLC was incorporated in 1922 as the East African Power Lighting Company (EAPL). It changed its name to The Kenya Power and Lighting Company Ltd. (KPLC) in 1983. Before a major power sector restructuring in 1997, KPLC managed all generating stations on behalf of the Government. Currently, KPLC manages some diesel-generating stations which are owned by the government known as Independent power producers (IPP), which are isolated from the national grid in marginalized areas such as Merti, Lodwar and Baragoi. 1. 2 Contacts Central Office Address: Kenya power and Lighting Company, P. O Box 30099, Nairobi. Tel: 020-32013201, Website: www. plc. co. ke Nakuru Office Address. Kenya power and Lighting Company. P. O Box 104-20100. Nakuru. Tel 051-2211594 Cell: 073560006 0720860006 Website: www. kplc. co. ke 1. 3 Location. The Central office is Located at Stima Plaza on Kolobot Road, Nairobi. The company’s main functions are carried out under various divisions. These include customer service, Distribution (Design and construction, Operations and maintenance), Energy Transmission, Human Resources Administration, Transport Supplies, Finance, Information Technology and Telecommunication. Internal Audit, Protective Services and Communications departments fall directly under the Managing Director. The company has six administrative areas. These are; Nairobi Region, Mt Kenya Region, Coast Region, North Rift Region, Central Rift Region and West-Kenya Region. All services offered by the main divisions are replicated in each area, which are headed by functional heads who report to the Regional Manager. A Kenya Power And Lighting Company (Central Rift) office is located at Electricity House along Moi Road next to Provincial Commissioner Offices in Nakuru. It contains departmental offices within the various divisions, which perform different functions. An example of these departments is the IT T department which handles ICT functions within the company. The Central Rift Region has other offices linked to it, represented diagrammatically as below: |Ravine | |Maralal | |Lanet | | | | | |NAKURU | |Narok | |Nyahururu | |Naivasha | KPLC Vision Statement. To achieve world class status as a quality service business enterprise so as to be the first choice supplier of electrical energy in a competitive environment. † KPLC Mission statement. â€Å"To efficiently transmit and distribute high quality electricity throughout Kenya at cost effective tariffs; to achieve the highest standards of customer service; and to ensure the company’s long-term technical and financial viability†. KPLC core values. Customer driven Teamwork Results driven People focused Empowerment Innovation Professionalism Equal opportunity Ethics/Int egrity Social responsibility Environment friendly KPLC Internal Motto. â€Å"My company my pride† KPLC External Motto. â€Å"On public Service† KPLC’S Role. KPLC owns and operates the entire electricity transmission and distribution system in Kenya, and sells electricity to over 1 million customers. The company’s key operations include: ? Planning, designing, construction and maintenance of the distribution network. ? Customer service. ? Ensuring sufficient transmission capacity to meet demand 1. 4 Organization Details 1. 4. 1Transmission and distribution KPLC is responsible for ensuring ample transmission capacity to maintain supply and facilitate quality electricity. It also develops and maintains the distribution networks and satisfactory services to the customer. The combined network of transmission and Distribution lines stretch for more than 23,000 kilometers across the country. Electricity is transmitted at high voltages. In Kenya, electrical power is generated between 11 and 15kV. The electricity is then stepped up to 220kV or 132kV for transmission to sub-stations large power users. It is then stepped down to 66kV, 33kV and 11kV at various feeder points for distribution to consumers. Large industrial and commercial customers are supplied at these high voltages. The electricity is stepped down to 415v/240v for other consumers 1. 4. 2 Demand and Supply of electricity: Demand for electricity in Kenya stands at around 825 MW. However, the country has an installed generating capacity of more than 1,200 MW, though sometimes about 15% of this is usually unavailable due to drought and shutdowns of generating plants to facilitate repairs and Maintenance. 1. 4. 3 Organizational Structure Central Rift (Nakuru) 1. 5 IT Telecommunication DIVISION IT T is a division is divided into two departments; IT and telecommunication. Information Technology. This department handles all computer hardware (Pc’s and servers), data Communication, Software issues and advices on all the matters that’s relate to IT. Telecommunication. The function of this Department is to provide efficient and reliable communication system within the company and other regions. This Includes Radio Communication ,Telephony and Communication through PLC. 1. 6 IT T Policy Document. 1. 6. 1 Introduction. Since the first edition was written in Year 2002, a number of improvements have been made and the ICT technology keeps changing for the better. This second edition of the ICT Policy incorporates the changes that have been realized so far. Included especially is the â€Å"IT Review and Action Plan† document, dated October 31, 2006. Information and Communications Technology Policy addresses security issues and how to effectively apply and maintain information systems, thereby facilitating protection of critical, valuable and confidential information together with its associated systems. Most people are likely to recognize the impact and severity of the loss or theft of confidential designs for a new product. However they do not always recognize the potential risk, and consequential result, of seemingly innocent activities, such as copying software or copying the corporate database onto their laptop computer or not documenting changes made to their systems. The purchase and installation of hardware and software requires those involved to consider carefully the Information Security issues involved in this process. Careful consideration of the companys business needs is paramount, as it is expensive to make subsequent changes. Analysis of user requirements versus the various benchmarks test results, will establish the best choice of server/software to be purchased. Installation of new equipment must be properly considered and planned to avoid unnecessary disruption and to ensure that the IT T Policy issues are adequately covered. The issue of IT consumables is looked into. These are expensive and should be properly controlled both from an expense perspective as well as an Information Security perspective. Valuable items should always be kept in a secure environment to avoid damage or loss. 1. 2 Objectives of IT . To provide efficient, effective and reliable communication systems that meets and exceeds KPLC voice and data requirements. To ensure availability of the communications systems that exceeds the set target of 97% To continually improve the telecommunication systems to meet and conform to the current world standards. To ensure mnaximum customer satisfaction in the IT division. 1. 6. 3 Vision for IT T Division. We strive to provide nothing but the best means of data and telecommunications services to the company and the country as a whole. 1. 6. Definition of IT T Policy. A set of rules, regulations, procedures and plans of action for administration of equipment resources, and services in the IT T division. CHAPTER TWO. 2. 1 Duties and Activities. During my attachment in the Information Technology and Telecommunications (IT) division. the following are among the duties I was designated to perform. Software Installation. Printer Fault Diagnosis and Repairs. Antivirus Installation. Preventive Maintenance. Networking. User support. Taking of inventory. Repair and maintenance of various hardware. j[ 2. 2 SOFTWARES The following are the software used in the various departments and which I was exposed to in installation and support. Microsoft Windows Server 2003. McAfee Version 8. 5i Microsoft office 2007 Power Builder Oracle 9i SQL Server AutoCAD. SPS (Strategic Planning System). Adobe reader 2. 3 Hardware PCs Ups. Server: Cisco routers, switches Printers. HHS. Network cables. 2. 4 Information systems a). ICS (Integrated Customer Service Application) This is an online System with a centralized Database situated at the Head office. Used by Cashiers, Customer Service Officers, and Meter Reading. The Software integrates a number of functions that is Contracting New Customers, Billing of Customer, Cash Collection etc. b). DCS Online(Design and Construction System) This is an online system interfaced with ICS System which Design Engineers Use to do costing of Service line Applications. The same is also used for booking of Service line construction Materials from Stores Section. c). DCS Offline (Design and Construction System offline). An Offline system used by Designers to download jobs ,design lines and cost projects and later upload the jobs to the DCS online system after they complete the job. d). LCA (Local Collection Application) This is an offline Cash Collection Application mainly used by Cashiers when the ICS System Fails. The transactions are a stored locally on a Batch file which is later downloaded to the Central Database. e). TMS (Transport Management System) This is a system used by the Transport Department and Costing Section to keep records of company vehicles and their maintenance costs. Also used to keep records on mileage returns and labor cost returns. f). LRA (Local Reading Application) This is a system designed to upload and download meter reading records from the ICS system for billing. The HHS set is used for this purpose connected via COM1 port. This system is used by the meter-reading section under customer service department. This system helps to determine how much the customer has consumed and hence the amount to be charged. g). Medicare Application. This is a system used to keep the medical expenditure records of the KPLC employees and their dependants. It is used by the human resource administration department. h). IMS (Incidence Management System) This is an Online System Used by the Operation and Maintenance Department to keep track of Temporary Power line Break downs and customer complaint on Blackouts and Voltage fluctuation. ). EIS (Executive Information System) This is a system interfaced with all other company Systems and it provides the executive with summarized reports to facilitate Decision making and Policy formulation. j). MDB (Management Database System) This is a system that summaries all the operations in ICS System and presents it in a report form. Used by management to monitor Performance. k). SAP (Sys tem Application and Products) This is a System used in the Finance Procurement Department. It keeps Supplier Records, Payroll Management, and Company Budget Management etc. l). Scada This is a system that is used for Tele operation on the power station. This includes Telemetry and Switching, by the engineers at the National control center to all the manned and unmanned station m). Ripples System This system is used to control street lighting and water heaters. This is achieved by automatically varying the frequencies on the power 2. 5 Data Network. The KPLC C/Rift has an extensive data network thus enabling it to have distributed systems where users can access network resources such as the databases that are centralized and other network resources such as Printers. I was involved in installation of networks that is trucking and terminations cables and labeling of data points, configuration installation of network Equipments such as the routers and switches of the cabinets. WAN for C/Rift TKL KDN At the end of each modem there is a Router and a Switch connected to it to form a network. Each Modem is connected to the Router through a V. 35 Cable CHAPTER THREE 3. 1 Conclusion. During my internship I have really gained a lot and I really endeavored the industrial attachment basically because it granted me an exposure and a chance to evaluate my potential. I was able to learn about many systems and practices in the IT world. I also got an opportunity to travel to different areas and interact with other people. I got used to working environment. 3. 2 Significance of the program to the attachment The program equipped me with the theoretical base which I was able to relate to the practical setting. I also gained interpersonal skills and wide knowledge due to the fact that the program offers various from diverse fields. 3. 3 Significance of the student learning I was able to learn more about hardware, software and the information systems used in the real life. I able to interact with other staff and students on attachment from various institutions to share ideas. 3. 4 Critiques. During my internship period I noted a few IT practices that hindered smooth running of operations in the IT T Division This includes these following, Most of the users are not are willing to use the helpdesk system thus hindering proper service delivery. Many system administration support are centralized at the regional office thus causing delays in service delivery. Many of the users are not conversant with basic computer operation. Use of old machine which are very slow. The company had most of the hardware and software that are in the IT world so I gained enough practical. The company offered attachment places to many student and so the was interaction among different students. 3. 5 Recommendations. 1. The organization should have tint windows or blenders to protect machines from direct sunlight 2. Security measurements should be implemented 3. Single serv er unit should be provided to help in the machine management in all labs 4. Tables in the labs are so uncomfortable in the sense that when you put the sit inside you are unable to put legs Reference 1. KPLC website www. kplc. co. ke 2. Stima journal Regional Manager Asst Manager Energy transmission Eng. Revenue finance officer IT/T Eng Customer service Eng. Distribution Eng HR/Adm officer Transport Eng. Asst. HR Administration Telecom Asst distributor engineer Asst customer service IT support Asst Energy Eng. Asst accountant Customer service clerk Energy transmission technician Revenue accountant Distributor technician DTU DTU Gilgil Maralal Ravine Narok Nku Depot Lanet Nyahururu Molo Naivasha Nakuru R O U T E R