Find an article about plate tectonics(within the last 2 years Assignment

Find an article about plate tectonics(within the last 2 years 2012-2014) and summary the article - Assignment Example Behind this discovery is Yin who was a well known UCLA professor specialized in Earth space science and the author who was responsible for the research. During the analysis that was done on the images captured by the NASA satellites using its spacecraft called THEMIS (Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms) together with the HIRISE (High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment) powerful cameras. The professor took a total of about 100 satellite images and analyzed them which revealed plate tectonic activities, with his experience in conducting a lot of geological research in area like Himalayas and Tibet which hold world major plates divide, he took keen study on the images from Mars and discovered that a lot of features looked similar to those on earth especially those that were found Himalayas, Tibet, California as well as geomorphology. For instance, the professor discovered very smooth and at the same time flat canyon wall which can only develop due to the effect of a fault. There was also a steep cliff that looked the same as that found around California’s Death Valley developed due to the fault. Yin also discovered linear volcanic zone which draw a conclusion of plate tectonic activities. â€Å"These are features that are very rear to be seen in our solar system apart from planet earth and Mars† said Yin, a professor whose work is respected by many and become the cover story in August 9, 2012 issue of the common journal lithosphere Mars surface has some of the longest and deepest ever system that contains canyons that has never been seen in our solar system which is called Vallies Marineries. It is estimated to be about 2,500 miles in length approximately nine times more compare to the earth’s Grand Canyon. Many scientists up to now are left wondering how this was formed, whether it was a big crack that happened on Mars’s shell forcing it to open

Immigration citizenship Essay Example for Free

Immigration citizenship Essay There are laws defining citizenship and laws stipulating the conditions for non citizens. In most cases, there is freedom of movement from one country to another for various reasons. Illegal immigrants are those who happen to be in another country unlawfully. California records the highest numbers of illegal immigrants, most having been lured by the search for better jobs. There has been an argument against these immigrations based on the fact that they seem to be a strain on the available public amenities. A clear example is how a slight reduction in the price of tomatoes would see illegal immigrants flock into the US. The fight to ban immigration is toughening as times went on in the US where most opponents argue that the move should be kind especially to kids who should not be forced or fully evicted from school. Some republicans think it may not be fair to deny immigrants their civil rights. (Borjas 220). This paper focuses on the enforcement of immigrants’ laws and the negative effects of the laws in the United States. Most of the United States migration laws are not based on equality, respect for individual rights and fairness. Their restrictions are based on crude and arbitrary utilitarian calculations of the relative costs that are offered by immigration groups of the United States society. There is also a strong misconception of the United State national Sovereignty. This serves historically as a justification for border restrictions which accelerates the conflict between the liberal theory and immigration exclusions. (LeMay M. C., xxxiv) Despite the fact that the United States recognizes the interstate travel right; they have completely refused to acknowledge the right of immigrants to cross national boundaries. The Supreme Court has put a boundary between its citizens under the new constitution. According to the constitution, the non citizens lack any rights for entry in the country. The disabled who are protected under the Disabilities Act also face discrimination in immigration. They are denied entry being regarded as inadmissible â€Å"aliens† who cannot be allowed to enter. Racial discrimination has also been entertained in the Unite States immigration history whereby immigration laws in the U.S. have punished people of a different color. As Puerto Ricans, we have experienced racial hatred often transferred from citizens of United States to the immigrants who share similar ancestries.   (LeMay M. C., xxxiv) The United States have complied with the color blindness laws that are demanded with the U.S. However in Supreme Court, non citizens are disproportionately restricted from entering the country. The culmination of this is the creation of tension with the nation stated commitment equality under the law. There is also an ignorance of laws that are protective to the poor, disabled, and HIV positive and racial minorities even under the U.S. immigration laws. It has been realized that there are no moral jurisdictions in keeping these groups out of the United States. Records have also shown that racial hatred transfer from citizens in United States to the immigrants who share similar ancestries. (LeMay M. C 26) Several states have enacted laws that show no mercy, even for immigrants with steady jobs, deep community roots, a history of paying taxes and children who are citizens. Undocumented and lawful immigrants have fewer rights compared to the citizens of the United States. Lack of equal rights extends to exploitation in the secondary market, low wages and very few legal protections. There is also a racial caste system which cannot be reconciled with the liberty and equality. The United States immigrants’ laws also do not cater for moral migration policy. Churches and religious leaders have criticized the authenticity and morality of modern immigration policies. The immigration laws should be treated as humanitarian way rather than being punishable to the immigrants. Despite the efforts to violate the immigrants’ laws on moral grounds, the government has refused to change the immigrants’ laws to satisfy these basic moral imperatives. The rights of the individual immigrants have been historically trumped at the expense of the nation-state rights. The ability of people to move comfortably together with their family which is an ultimate freedom and fundamental for human beings has been denied. (Johnson K.R.71)   Immigrants have also been discriminated on acquiring educational benefits. There has been a debate on whether to provide education benefits to the illegal immigrants over years in the nation. The federal courts have used the Welfare Reform Act to assist the immigrants’ access educational benefits. However portions of the proposition 187 advocates for the denying of illegal immigrants as well as harsh treatment to those suspected being illegal immigrants This is based on the argument that there happens to be a lot of American citizens without proper documents and the use of documents to verify whether one qualifies to access education. Majority of the opponents of the ban however still feel that the current number of illegal immigrants in school is not yet a burden or an issue of concern to warrant such crude measures. It is believed that the cessation of government support to immigrant’s education would go along way in ensuring that illegal immigration is reduced by a large magnitude. This is attributed to the fact that any form of gain acts as an incentive to the immigrants (Haines Rosenblum 133)Immigrant workers have been negatively affected by the immigrants’ laws in some states in America. Oklahoma, which has one of the toughest new laws, now prevents illegal immigrants from getting state services. It also requires employers to verify whether new workers are legal, gives people a way to sue companies that hire illegal immigrants, and makes it a felony to transport, harbor or conceal an illegal immigrant.   The enforcement of the law has been so harsh to the illegal immigrants. Simple humanity is the character which has been lacking and recognition that the vast majority of those affected do not have any malicious intent. The immigrants usually does not come United States so that they can be robbers but to improve their lives through hard work contrary to how they are treated. Inhuman treatment is given to them where families are uprooted, and parents are separated from their kids. (Johnson K.R.29)Legal residents and citizens are also hurt by the current immigration laws. This mostly happens where spouses, parents or children are illegal.   Their relatives are the ones who are placed at risk for harboring them at their homes or transporting them to church. Oklahoma Hispanic groups estimate that around 25,000 people left the state after the law was approved. The number of students who attended School dropped, workers disappeared, church attendance shrank and most Latino businesses lost customers.   There are several reports that shows police in some places target Hispanic drivers for roadside stops and document checks. This has forced citizens to be carrying passports or birth certificates to avoid being jailed and other forms police harassment. (U.S.A.Today 2007)Business organizations have also been negatively affected by the current immigration laws. Employers complain that they’re being asked to become immigration police with imperfect tools. In Oklahoma there was a study which predicted that the current law could cost more than $1 billion in a year the states economy. All firms that specialize in finding new locations for businesses said some companies have removed Oklahoma from their lists. (U.S.A.Today)   The supporters of current immigration laws include corporate interests that profit from cheap foreign labor, ethnic lobbies seeking to increase their political base, and religious activists, humanitarians, and civil libertarians who focus on human rights and other ethical concerns. Opponents include non-European immigrants as a threat to American culture, environmentalists who dread immigration-fueled population growth, and labor advocates who fear that immigration is taking jobs from U.S. citizens and depressing U.S. wages. On political spectrum, free marketers square off against cultural conservatives. The federal immigration law could be highlighted as hypocritical and ineffectual it has been passed to ensure that there is cheap labor in the country but on the other hand, the nation does not want immigrants. The united states have taken great steps trying to enforce the U.S border laws but it has failed to achieve the intended goals. Even with the current immigration laws, the nation is still insecure and the immigrants faced different social, economic and political challenges. Works Cited: Borjas G. Heavens door: immigration policy and the American economy. Princeton  University Press, 2001 190-250 Haines, David W Rosenblum, Karen Elaine. Illegal immigration in America: a    reference handbook. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999,133 Hirschman C, Kasinitz P and DeWind J. The handbook of international migration: the American experience. Russell Sage Foundation Publishers, 1999, 360-370 Johnson K. R. Opening the floodgates: why America needs to rethink its borders and

One of Russias Greatest Leaders: Peter the Great Essay -- Papers

One of Russia's Greatest Leaders: Peter the Great The world is chaotic by nature. For this reason, both men and women alike have stepped forward to lead their people. As such, these people have been gifted with valor and courage to take their countries into ever lasting prosperity. An example of this kind of leader would be the grand emperor of Russia, Peter the Great (1672-1725). Peter the Great is a man who put his country before himself. As a matter of fact, Peter died saving one of his servants who fell overboard on one of his many expeditions. One will have to wonder what kind of man had this much energy to revolutionize their countries. In accordance, one will have to study the personal history of this great man. Consequently, one should learn his methods in achieving his goals. Such knowledge could help future leaders make more informed decisions. Lastly, the study of his accomplishments will give us the scope of how great the influence of this man had in his nation. To this extent, people like this must be studied to honor and help further our nation as a whole. Therefore, Peter the Great must be examined thoroughly with the following criteria: The personal history of Peter, the methods he employed to help achieve mother Russia's prerogative, and finally what he has accomplished for Russia in his life span. Peter was born in Moscow of the second marriage of his father, Alexis I, who ruled Russia from 1645 to 1676. Alexis's first marriage to Maria Miloslavsky, had produced 13 children, but only two of the sons, Fyodor and Ivan survived. After Maria died in 1669 Alexis married Natalia Naryshkin in 1671, and Peter, a stro... ...i. Peter the Great. Whiteside Limited, TO 1987 pp 196-97 5. Massie, Robert K. Peter the Great: His Life and World. Ballantine, 1980 pp 50 6. Jonge, Alex. Fire & Water: A Life of Peter the Great. First American, 1980 pp 317 7. Troyat, Henri. Peter the Great. Whiteside Limited, TO 1987 pp 163 8. Massie, Robert K. Peter the Great: His Life and World. Ballantine, 1980 pp 89 9. Troyat, Henri. Peter the Great. Whiteside Limited, TO 1987 pp 186 10. Torchinsky, Oleg. Cultures of the World: RussiaNorth Bellmore: Marshall Cavendish Corp. 1994. pp 204 11. Troyat, Henri. Peter the Great. Whiteside Limited, TO 1987 pp 294 12. Torchinsky, Oleg. Cultures of the World: RussiaNorth Bellmore: Marshall Cavendish Corp. 1994 pp 310 13. Troyat, Henri. Peter the Great. Whiteside Limited, TO 1987 pp 245-246

Distributive Justice and Its Relevance Under Indian Constitution

PAPER ON THE TOPIC THE PHILOSOPHY OF DISTRUBUTIVE JUSTICE AND ITS RELEVANCE UNDER INDIAN CONSTITUTION The jurisprudence of distributive justice, according to juristic cynics, is an essay in illusion. The basic social system is built on gross inequalities and the power to lobby and mould State policy, even judicial policy, is heavily in the hands of the proprietariat. Being social realists and meliorists we have to work with the materials that we have and try to read the constitutional provisions in such a manner that the human essence of distributive justice is won by dynamic interpretation and socialist understanding.The Indian Constitution visualizes an affirmative State action for bringing about a new social order based on justice, social, economic and political (Art. 38). The Directive Principles of State Policy contain the directions of change towards such a new social order. The researcher has examined various theories of justice and has examine how the John Rawl’s theory of justice which means that justice is fairness is the most apt for the Indian situation. Even in th e Constitution we find different strategies of justice. Keywords: Justice, Distributive Justice, Constitution.INTRODUCTIONEver since the birth of society, justice has been one of the most important quests of human endeavor. Justice means giving one what is due to him. As a principle of law, justice delimits and harmonises the conflicting desires, claims and interests in the social life of the people. In the modern society if we take the view that all its problem of distribution then the recourse is left open to distributive justice and nothing else. Distributive justice embraces the whole economic dimension of social justice, the entire question of distribution of goods and services within the society.It demands equality in the distribution or allotment of advantages or burdens. The aim of distributive justice is to strike a balance in the socio-economic structure of the society and bring equipoise between the conflicting interests of individual citizens. It is submitted that the pr oblem of distributive justice in one sense is more a matter of procedural fairness to individuals than of substantive rightness or wrongness of the rules themselves. More specifically, it would seem that even bad rules can be applied justly and good rules in an unjust way, but it does not mean that it is not the concern of the substantive law.Much will depend upon the structure of the society. To establish distributive justice we must create a public system of rules by reference to which the conflicting claims which inevitably arise can be authoritatively determined. Distributive justice essentially is the function of a just society. The problems of Indian society are so complex, perplex and varied that a single formula for distributive justice cannot be found. The Constitution of India talks of justice in the Preamble as well as in Article 38 of the Constitution which is a directive principle of state policy.The Constitution talks not of justice but of social, economic and politica l justice. It does not merely envisage a system of corrective justice in which rights and obligations arising out of the present social structure are enforced. It clearly saw that the existing structure was unjust and needed to be changed. This is what we call distributive justice.PHILOSOPHY OF JUSTICE AND DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICEEver since men have begun to reflect upon their relations with each other and upon the vicissitudes of human lot, they have been preoccupied with the meaning of justice.Justice shares with natural law an institutional immortality which presents a constant paradox: it is so ancient that everything has been said about it, and so modern that it constitutes a continuous and inescapable problem in the ever-changing context of a contemporary society. Justice, as Aristotle said, â€Å"is the bond of men in society. † and â€Å"States without justice† are as St. Augustine said, â€Å"robber-bands. † Fiat justitia ruat coelum let heavens fall, justi ce had to be done became the abstraction of many religious, political, moral and legal philosophers of all ages.The power of justice is so great that it strengthens and excites a person fighting for just cause. All wars have been fought by all parties in the name of justice, and same is true of the political conflict between social classes. On the other hand, the very fact of this almost ubiquitous applicability of the principle of justice prompts the suspicion that something may be wrong with an idea that can be invoked for any cause. Social groupings of today are dynamic, not static, and they do not find the ideal equipoise in a condition of mere imperturbability.Justice is considered to be the primary goal of a welfare state whose very existence in turn rests on the parameters of justice. The greatest contrast, however, between ancient and modern thinking about the social harmony of justice is in the changed conception of individual personality in relation of law. I. The problem of Justice The importance of the subject of justice and the frequency of its use would naturally lead one to believe that there is an accepted definition of justice or, if not, at least a workable definition of justice is capable of being carved out.But defining justice is not as easy as it appears to be. There are difficulties inherent in the concept of justice and it is because of this reason that it is wholly indeterminate and belies all attempts to define it. Hens Kelsen perturbedly remarked: No other question has been discussed so passionately; no other question has caused so much precious blood and so many bitter tears to be shed; no other question has been the object of so much intensive thinking by the most illustrious thinkers from Plato to Kant; and yet, this question is today as unanswered as it ever was.It seems that it is one of those questions to which the resigned wisdom applies that man cannot find a definitive answer, but can only try to improve the question. What i s ‘just’ is again a question which largely remains unanswered and mostly hinges on the hunch of the bench as it nowhere informs us how to recognise or distinguish a just man from the other. The term justice has two aspects, namely, abstract justice and concrete justice. In the abstract sense ‘justice’ means a course of conduct both legel and moral, which tends to augment human ‘welfare’.Those human actions which do not intersect mankind have no significance either for ethics or for jurisprudence. The answer to the question as to what actions affect human welfare varies from age to age or generation t generation depending on divergent conceptions of human welfare prevailing in a given society during a given period of time. It is through the abstract notion of justice that its true significance in its practical application can be ascertained and appreciated. In the concrete sense, justice plays a positive role in regulating the procedural safegua rds afforded to litigants in the courts of law. II.Meaning of Justice and Distributive Justice Grotius and Leibniz believed in the concept of society as the co-operation of beings endowed with reason defined justice as custodia societatis Justum est quod societatum ratione utentium perfecit. This means justice puts an end to the conflict between the individual and the universal, the microcosm and the macrocosm, and brings about the synthesis between the whole and the parts. Justice thus seems to entail the conflict of competing claims and not infrequently the clash of powerful social interests with the right of individuals ensnared from time to time in the mechanism of raison d’ Etat.That is why justice is by its very essence a justitia communis, which reconciles in itself and transcends the commutative, distributive, and universal principles. To Plato, justice is a virtue of that psyche or soul which is the quint-essential personality of human creature. In the Republic the q uest is for justice as the complete expression of the soul’s excellences and, therefore, of the whole moral man. Plato tells us that the four supreme moral qualities both in state and the individual are wisdom, courage, temperance or moderation and justice; and the greatest of these, the indispensable, is justice.Aristotle said that justice implies a certain degree of equality; this equality might, however, be either arithmetical or geometrical, the first based on identity and the second on proportionality and equivalence. Arithmetical equality leads to commutative justice, geometrical equality to distributive justice. The second is the business of the legislator, while the first is the business of the judge. Political rights and goods should be apportioned according to distributive justice, punishments should be imposed and damages paid according to commutative justice.The theory of justice thus involves an examination of the body of rights and duties accepted in a society i n the light of the formal principles of equality, the aim being to rid it of arbitrary elements; that is discrimination not grounded on relevant differences. According to John Stuart Mill, a society which is governed by the legal philosophy of distributive justice is one which: Should treat all equally well who have deserved equally well of it, that is, who have deserved equally well absolutely.This is the highest abstract standard of social and distributive justice; towards which all institutions and the efforts of all virtuous citizens should be made in the utmost degree to converge. It is thus universally considered just that each person should obtain that (whether good or evil) which he deserves; and unjust that he should obtain a good, or be made to undergo an evil, which he does not deserve. This is perhaps the clearest and most emphatic form in which the idea of justice is conceived by the general mind. As it involves the idea of desert the question arises of what constitutes desert.The characteristic of distributive justice is the expansion of the spirit of collectivism, the promotion of the feeling of co-operation and the exercise by society of its collective powers in support of the legitimate claims of individual life. Its formula is â€Å"to every man according to his needs† rather than â€Å"to every man according to his deserts. † The distributive justice considers how it can secure too each individual a standard of living and such a share in the values of civilization as shall make possible a full existence of human life.In all these ways, the notion of justice according to law is gradually pervaded by the notion of justice and the distributive justice in the law. III. Concept of Distributive Justice Modern social and economic developments have made it clear that individual justice, justice between the wrongdoer and the victim is only a partial and incomplete form of justice and it is in the notion of distributive justice, i. e. , rendering to each man his due, the essence of justice lies.The development of the welfare state is generally thought of as an application of the notion of distributive justice. Moreover, the cry for equality of opportunity for the underprivileged and weaker sections of the society is being increasingly heard these days and this demonstrates the importance of the notion of distributive justice in modern consciousness. Distributive justice embraces â€Å"the whole economic dimension of social justice, the entire question of proper distribution of goods and services within the society†.It demands equality in the distribution or allotment of advantages or burdens. The advantages or burdens which are to be distributed are of numerous kinds such as wages, taxes, property, punishments, individual or social performances or rights and duties as allocated and apportioned by the legal system. Distributive justice aims to strike a balance in the socio- economic structure of the society t o bring equipoise between the conflicting desires, interests and claims of the individual citizens. Justice P. N.Bhagwati succinctly explains distributive justice as: And when I talk of justice, I mean not commutative justice but distributive justice, justice in depth, justice which penetrates and destroys inequalities of race, sex, and wealth, justice which is not confined to a fortunate few, but takes within its sweep the entire people of the country, justice which ensures equitable distribution of the social, material and political resources of the community. This is the kind of justice which we in India are trying to realize through the process of law and our substantive law is being geared to this task.Distributive justice includes the quality of being just and fair to all the individuals in the society or group. It seeks to give everyone what is due to him. What is due cannot be ascertained by absolute standards because the standards change with changes in the socio-economic c onditions of the society. It does not mean only a just distribution of the material goods of life, but also means and includes the reasonable requirements of human body, mind and spirit. It takes in both the means and the end, the process as well as the product.It seeks to meet out justice through just means, unjust means may satisfy some, but cause injustice to others. Distributive justice means justice to all and not to a few or a favored class. It does not introduce class conflicts, but seeks to improve and harmonise the society with a view to avoid the socio- economic imbalances. The readjustment of social claims may involve a transfer of resources from one section of the society to another, but the transfer is only an equitable reallocation of the resources and not a destruction of the structure itself.Distributive justice demands preferential treatment of the weaker sections of the society, but that is only to correct the imbalances existing in the society and not to cause unn ecessary harassment or injustice to the advanced sections thereof. Thus, it seeks to remove the imbalances in the social, economic and political life of the people. There cannot be distributive justice unless the society progresses in all the directions. In short distributive justice helps to bring about a just society.The right to distributive justice may be defined as the right of the weak, aged, destitute, poor, women, children, and other underprivileged and downtrodden segments of the society to the protection of the state against the ruthless competition of life. It seeks to give adventitious aids to the underprivileged, so that they may have an equal opportunity to compete boldly with the more advanced sections of the society. It is a bundle of rights; in one sense it is carved out of other rights; in another sense, it is a preserver of other rights.It is the balancing wheel between the haves and have- nots. Its aim is not to pull down the advanced sections of the society, but only to uplift the backwards and the underprivileged sections thereof without unduly and unreasonably effecting and undermining the interests of the former. It only prevents unjust enrichment at the expense of the underprivileged and ensures a balanced and harmonious development of the society. It is this approach and understanding of the concept of distributive justice which permeates the Indian Constitution and is adopted here for the purposes of this work.This takes us to the study of principles of distributive justice which serve as the criteria for evaluating the propriety or justice of distribution. IV. Theories of justice The theories which take in their sweep the above mentioned principles of distributive justice are: – Utilitarian, and – Contractarian. The former represents an established tradition of ethical thought, though subject to continuing refinements and restatements. The later owes much to John Rawls, who, in recent times has most illuminatingly used the idea of primordial social contract to arrive at the basic principles of justice.It is often reiterated that the theories of justice must take into consideration at least three important facets of distributive process: a) The ‘total amount of goods (or utility) to the distributed’; b) The ‘pattern of distribution arrived at’; and c) The distributional procedure described aptly as the ‘principle of selection by means of which the distribution is arrived at’. An attempt is made here to examine the different facets of these theories and to ascertain the extent to which they satisfy the demands of distributive justice.Utilitarian Theory of Justice Utilitarianism is essentially an aggressive theory. Its premise is the greatest good of the greatest number. Justice in its essence is distributive in character. The three principles of justice enumerated above demand that a person’s share of good should be proportional to some quality he posse sses. It is, therefore, unlikely that utilitarian theory will be able to accommodate principles whose form contrasts directly with that of the greatest happiness principle.It is submitted that why someone committed to aggregating good should care how that good is distributed among different people. The main weakness of the utilitarian theory from the perspectives of distributive justice is that it accords a paramount role to the quantity of good or welfare distribution. This has been pointed out by Brandit in the following words: â€Å"If quantity of welfare can be raised by a grossly unequal distribution- for instance, as in an efficient system of slavery- then we have to favour inequality.Equality, on utilitarian scheme, is a servant of quantity of welfare. † John Rawls takes this insight as his starting point in developing a contractual theory of justice which is intended to remedy the deficiencies of utilitarianism. It may thus seem that the utilitarian theory does not br ing home the expectations of society because our needs and desires differ qualitatively and are mutually incommensurable.Man harbours the most varied needs, for example the need for food, rest and sleep, occupation, sexual activity, culture and knowledge, artistic experience and recreation, love and respect, power and social esteem, etc. If all the needs of an individual cannot be satisfied, and if he is faced with a choice, for example, between listening to symphony and eating a good dinner, this choice cannot be described as a rational alternative between two measurable quantities of pleasure. Contractarian Theory of JusticeAccording to John Rawls: â€Å"Each person possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot override†. Rawls understands society as a co-operative venture for mutual advantage. In a co-operative society, there is a social union and a shared end, conceived not as a substantive goal, but as a plan of conduct which will assure that the endowments of each will be complementary to the good of all. The actual differences between individuals in terms of natural abilities, social advantages, wealth, etc. are viewed as a cause of social discord; the differences tempt men to pursue their own advantage, what all have in common is a moral personality and this must be the basis of justice. The utilitarian theory fails to accommodate this very conception of justice. To replace it, Rawls has offered the following principles of justice: All social primary goods- liberty and opportunity, income and wealth, and the bases of self- respect are to be distributed equally unless an unequal distribution of any, or all, of these goods is to the advantage of the least favoured.V. The Constitutional Scheme of Distributive Justice Indian Constitution opens with the preamble which states in unequivocal terms that the people of India have solemnly resolved to secure to all its citizens: Justice – social, ec onomic and political, equality of status and of opportunity and to promote among them all fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation.The Objectives Resolution from which this phrase has been carved out states: This Constituent Assembly declares its firm and solemn resolve to proclaim India as an Independent Sovereign Republic and to draw up for her future governance a Constitution: a) Wherein shall be guaranteed and secured to all the people of India justice, social, economic and political; equality of status, of opportunity, and before the law; freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith, worship, vocation, association and action, subject to law and public morality; and b) Wherein adequate safeguards shall be provided for minorities, backward and tribal areas, and depressed and other backward classes. Referring to socio- economic justice, Dr. S.Radhakrishnan said that it intended to effect a smooth and rapid transition from a state of serfdom to one of freedom. Then emphasizing the need for such a change, he said, â€Å"it is therefore necessary that we must remake the material conditions†. The phrases thus used by the Founding Fathers clearly indicate that socio-economic justice in its realization is distributive in character. It contemplates a change in social structure in order to effect a transition from serfdom to freedom and attempts to remake the material conditions of the society. Granville Austin has also observed: â€Å"The Constitution was to foster the achievement of many goals. Transcendent among them was that of social revolution. Through this revolution would be fulfilled the basic eeds of the common man, and, it was hoped, this revolution would bring about fundamental changes in the structure of the Indian society†. Thus, the scheme of distributive justice as visualized in the Objectives resolution was incorporated in the preamble, the fundamental rights and the directive princip les of state policy and other provisions of the Constitution. You can read also  Justice System Position PaperThe gist of the scheme may be stated thus: Constitution ordains the state to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as effectively as it may a social order in which justice- social, economic and political shall inform all the institutions of national life. For the establishment of social order, the people of India have been given the following fundamental rights: a) Right to equality; ) Right to six freedoms- freedom of speech and expression; to assemble peaceably and without arms; to form associations or unions; to move freely throughout the territory of India; to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business; c) Right to life and personal liberty; d) Right against exploitation; e) Right to freedom of religion; f) Cultural and educational rights; g) Right to constitutional remedies. In addition to these, the directive principl es of state policy also express in categorical terms the ideals of distributive justice. Article 38 requires the state inter-alia, to minimize the inequalities in income and endeavor to eliminate inequalities in status, facilities and opportunities, not only amongst individuals, but also amongst groups of people residing in different areas or engaged in different vocations.Article 39 requires the state to make available to all the citizens adequate means of livelihood; to distribute ownership and control of material resources so as to sub serve the common good; to operate the economic system in such a way that it does not result in concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment; that there is equal pay for equal work; to protect the health and strength of workers men and women and the tender age of children against abuse and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age and strength, that children are given oppo rtunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment.The state is also required to provide equal justice through the mechanism of free legal aid in order to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizens by reason of economic or other disabilities; to provide right to work, to education and public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement and other cases of undeserved want; to make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief, to provide work, a living wage, conditions of work ensuring a decent standard of life and full enjoyment of leisure and social and cultural opportunities; to secure the participation of workers in the management of undertakings, establishments or other organizations engaged in industry; to secure for all the citizen s a uniform civil code throughout the country, to provide free and compulsory education for children below the age of 14 years; to promote the educational and economic interests of the Scheduled castes and Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections; to raise the level of nutrition and standard of living and to improve the public health. Thus, it can be said that the Constitution of India has twin objectives: First, to usher in a new social order ensuring distributive justice to all the citizens and; second, to protect the liberties of the people from the onslaughts of autocratic and arbitrary power. These two ideas run like a golden fabric through the entire scheme of the Constitution.Indeed, the substantive and the procedural provisions of the Constitution harmonizing the said two concepts give a new philosophy and sustenance to our socialist, democratic republic based on rule of law. But to our dismay, many of the legislative actions destined at distributive justice pursuance to t he implementation of the directive principles of state policy were struck down by the courts from time to time. The directives have been relegated to the position of inferiority. The bewildering judgments of the Supreme Court right from the days of Champakam Dorairajan,Quaresh, Kerela Education Bill, including the Golaknath, the Bank Nationalisation, the Privy Purse and the Minerva Mills have shattered all the hopes of the Government to implement the directive principles of state policy.These ecisions crippled the state machinery and paralysed the movement of the nation towards an equalitarian social order. These decisions represent a saga of judicial misunderstanding of the avowed ideals of the Constitution. This approach is inherently inconsistent with the spirit of the Constitution ignoring the realities of the Indian societal structure. The poverty of the Indian masses cannot be mitigated by eulogizing the fundamental liberties and mellowing down the positive efforts of state de stined at distributive justice. The Constitutional goals of distributive justice can be achieved only if the courts adopt a pragmatic and sociological approach without making such ado about the rights in interpreting socio-economic legislations.It is submitted that both fundamental rights and directive principles of state policy aim at establishing a just social order based on the philosophy of distributive justice ensuring dignity to the individual not only to the few privileged persons, but to the entire masses of the country including the have nots and the handicapped, the lowliest and the lost. Both these represent a broad spectrum of human rights. The concept of distributive justice as embodied in the Constitution is a living concept of revolutionary import. It gives sustenance to the rule of law and meaning and significance to the ideals of a welfare state. The freedoms guaranteed under the Constitution are not an end in itself, but the means to achieve distributive justice.Ou r Constitution is the unique document for the upliftment of the down-trodden and weaker sections of the society. The greatest need of the hour, therefore, in our society in social integration of the weaker and oppressed sections of the people with the rest of the society. This demonstrates that our Constitution does not leave the individual at the mercy of the law of nature representative of competitive modal of society. It assigns a prominent role to and imposes heavy responsibilities upon the state to assure a dignified life to each individual irrespective of what he deserves on meritarian consideration. Yet, in a way it incorporates the need-based principle of justice.It means securing to each and every human being the basic necessities of life like food, clothing, housing, medicine, education and the like etc. This is the voice of distributive justice and the very Dharma of the Indian Constitution. ——————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ [ 1 ]. Sudesh Kumar Sharma, Distributive justice under Indian Constitution, Deep & Deep Publications, New Delhi, 1989 [ 2 ]. http://www. spotlaw. in/text/910011996/9100119961206001. htm (accessed on 9 march 2013) [ 3 ]. http://www. spotlaw. in/text/910011996/9100119961206001. htm (accessed on 9 march 2013) [ 4 ]. Sudesh Kumar Sharma, Distributive justice under Indian Constitution, Deep & Deep Publications, New Delhi, 1989 [ 5 ]. VII Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences, 512 (1953) [ 6 ].Quoted by Justice George Vadakkel in his paper entitled â€Å"Law, lawyers and political development†, Vol. VIII (4), Journal of Bar Council of India, 629 at 635 (1981). [ 7 ]. Address by Justice P. N Bhagwati at the opening session of the Sixth Commonwealth Law Conference on 18th August, 1980 in The challenge of social justice, 20-21 (1985). [ 8 ]. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1976 Reprint) [ 9 ]. R. B. Brandit, Ethical Theory, 415 (1959) [ 10 ]. John R awls, â€Å"Distributive Jusitce† in P. Laslett and W. G. Runciman (ed. ), Philosophy, Politics and Society, 3rd ser. 50 (1967) [ 11 ]. I C A. D 59 [ 12 ]. II C A. D. 269 [ 13 ]. II C A. D. 273 [ 14 ].Granville Austin, The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation, introduction (1979 Reprint) [ 15 ]. Art. 38(1) [ 16 ]. Art. 14 to 18 [ 17 ]. Art. 19(1)(a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (g). [ 18 ]. Art. 20 to 22 [ 19 ]. Art. 23 and 24 [ 20 ]. Art. 25 to 28 [ 21 ]. Art. 29 to 30 [ 22 ]. Art. 32 [ 23 ]. Art. 38(2) [ 24 ]. Art. 39(a), (b), (c), (d), (e) and (f). [ 25 ]. Art. 39-A [ 26 ]. Art. 42 [ 27 ]. Art. 43 [ 28 ]. Art. 43 A [ 29 ]. Art. 44 [ 30 ]. Art. 45 [ 31 ]. Art. 46 [ 32 ]. Art. 47 [ 33 ]. 1951 SCR 525 [ 34 ]. AIR 1958 SC 731 [ 35 ]. AIR 1958 SC 956 [ 36 ]. AIR 1967 SC 1643 [ 37 ]. AIR 1970 SC 607 [ 38 ]. (1971) 1 SCJ 295 [ 39 ]. (1980) 3 SCC 625

Maharashtra and People

Chawls are a quintessentially Mumbai phenomenon, whose rise is inseparably linked to the rise of the textile mills. The textile mills were the next big industrial step that Mumbai took after the spurt in cotton trading and the shifting of the ports. The mills flourished in the mid-19th century and the people who worked there were labourers mainly from the Konkan coast and ghats. Often one of the workers is sent back to the villages to recruit more people. These workers are known as ‘jobbers’ and they usually get back people who are from the same family or same village or caste.Once in Mumbai, they live together. Some chawls are built by the government called the Bombay Development Directorate (BDD) chawls and the Bombay Improvement Trust (BIT) chawls. The mill owners built other chawls to lure people to come and work for them, or by private landlords. Many private landlords who built chawls are Muslims, as according to their religion they couldn’t collect interest from money. So this is a way of investing the money. Originally, the migrants come alone to work and leave their families in the villages. So often the rooms are occupied by a different set of workers at different times of the day.When one shift end, one set of people come to the rooms while the other set of people went to work. When the workers brought their families, the entire family and often more than one family stayed one room. Chawls had mushroomed in the 30s to the 70s all over Mumbai. Mumbai was once the textile capital of India even being named Manchester of the East. Cloth mills dominated the skyline of Mumbai till the 90s. It was during these times that people from rural Maharahstra migrated to Mumbai in search of a better jobs and prospect. Landlords cashed on this new influx and built low cost housing called chawls.The idea was to get as many people in one building so as to increase the amount of rent. It was quantity not quality that was important. Ambience The chawl s have fair amount of wood in their structure, the dark stairs made the distinct wooden sound while walking. Common toilets dominated each floor. Leaking pipes and stagnant water gave the dingy chawl a distinct smell of its own. The dark corridors and the low sunlight was so typical of a chawl. The Chawl building have a total of 80 houses and two wings so it was 40 houses on each side.Instead of calling each wing as ‘A’ and ‘B’, they call them Magchi (back side  in Marathi) and Phudchi (front side in Marathi) side. The funny thing is that the people living in the other wing would call them magchi side and the people living in the other wing would call them â€Å"magchi† side. each house sharing a common long balcony. The common balcony would give the 4 houses a sense on one-ness. It was like a big joint family. Each house obviously has a door and this door is open in the morning and remains open till they all go to sleep. They play, they talk, they study, they fight, they do everything in that long balcony.You don’t even have to go and knock on your neighbor door. He is there standing in that balcony. Balcony has a big importance in the life of chawl. It is what a village square was in the old days. This is what the katta is in modern Mumbai. Consider that almost 6-16 families live on a floor. Considering each family has an average of 4 members, the number of people residing on a floor is 24 to 64. The balcony serves as a meeting ground for all these people. The housewives gather in the balcony after their house chores discussing gossips about the girl next door to their children’s annual result to everything in general.The men discuss the latest politics to the irresponsibility of the youths today to the latest in cricket. The children meanwhile played in the balcony. The balcony is a common meeting ground for all families on that floor. Its like a drawing room for members of a big joint family. When there is a long power cuts, they would sit outside waiting for electricity to come back and battling mosquitoes at the same time. Groups would be formed in different  part  of the balcony  and people would just talk. As there is nothing to do, talking was the best option available unless its really late into the night.Especially during full moon  nights, the soft moon light would shine in the balcony throwing a dim light on the occupants. It is at this time, ghost stories are discussed with relish and age is not a factor. The children and the women would always discuss more ghost then the men. Imagine when everything is dark around you that you cannot even see the face of the person sitting next to you, its sheer fun to listen to the ‘true’ scary incident that happened to the friend’s friend’s uncle’s boss’s son’s friend.When your hair stands up after listening to the story, nobody even notices it in the darkness. The balcony is also use d for drying all kind of pulses, clothes, spices and every other thing that can be dried. During the afternoon, it becomes a task to dodge your way through drying clothes, spices and pulses. The size of an average balcony is 4 – 7 feet wide and very long in the range of 50-100 feet. On this long stretch of land they play everything from cricket to playing cards to even playing hockey with cricket bats. The balcony was multipurpose serving as a playground to meeting place to katta.After finishing food, they would come out and look in all direction trying to find out friends who have finished their dinner and lunch. Then they would start talking and the topics could range from everything under the sun right from politics to cricket to non-existent girlfriend to sex. There are never any boundaries about the topic of discussion The balcony is a mini-katta in a chawl. It serves as a playing ground, a discussion room, a drying place, a community hall and sometimes even as a bedroom . The balcony is the first common ground for the big family they call a chawl. ———————————————— Not getting what to name this topic as. plz ben name it. | Mumbai’s chawls have not only   portrayed the deluge of human emotions, but have also laid the foundation for Samaritans in this cross cultural city. These dense dwellings have seen bonhomie at its best like residents sharing meals and neighbours becoming extended families. This is the only place of abode, where they not only share spaces, but also hearts. From Worli to Girgaum, and from Nana Chowk to Cuffe Parade, these dwellings of human bonding and mayhem have dotted the city for years.Chawls have indeed been an essential part of South Mumbai and have added character to its very being, and some of them have even been classified as heritage structures. A day in a chawl Enter any chawl and the scene would more or less be the same — a handful of children indulging in a game of hide-and-seek,   running in and out of each other’s homes with gay abandon; groups of women clustering together exchanging juicy bits of gossip about the latest chawl scandal; a few people standing listlessly just watching the goings-on. All so typically chawlish. Perfection in imperfection, in a way.In the city where the cases of anomie and depression are rising, chawl culture is a huge relief for senior citizens and children. For instance, 63-year-old Sucheta Kelekar, a resident of Dadar, has stayed in her current room all her life and cannot imagine herself living anywhere else. â€Å"Our family moved here in the 1950s, after partition. We’ve always lived in harmony with our neighbours, who are like a family to us. † said she. The flipside With the increase of several high rises in the city, many of these chawls have been demolished and consequently all its residents have moved out in to the suburbs to live in individual apartments.Obviously this has led to the dying out of much of the culture and bonding that chawls usually facilitated. â€Å"Yes, living in an individual apartment becomes pretty lonely after you have lived in a chawl your whole life†, says Salil Shirodkar, who moved from a clustered chawl in Worli to a 1-BHK in Dadar. â€Å"Times have changed though. Earlier it was all about living in one big community where everyone knows what’s happening in their adjacent homes. We’d share everything, from recipes, to toys, to our problems. The present generation doesn’t care about old ties.As soon as they can afford it, they prefer to move into our own flats where they can live in comfort,† Bachelors â€Å"spoil† the party Within the chawls, the genre of inflowing residents is changing from ‘family of four’ to ‘single bed space for bachelors’. â€Å"It is really quite annoying! † excla ims Varsha Patel of Dadar. â€Å"Most residents have moved into the suburbs and rented out their rooms to bachelors who come at odd hours and drink and smoke. They have no interest in mingling with anyone and play loud music till late hours.Chawls used to be all about family bonding but sadly that has now been taken over by individuals who treat their homes like guest houses. † Further echoing this thought is Naveen Mehta of Dadar her neighbour, who summarises the situation aptly: â€Å"Chawls used to be a blend of many communities. Families of Marwaris, Maharashtrians, and Gujaratis would all co-exist in satisfaction. Everyone was â€Å"Santusht†. Now the focus is on the individual. . Chawl Vs. Flat Five-year-old Neeraj is bored. He pretends to watch TV, jumps on the bed and talks to his pillow.His mother, Edna Nair, understands, but keeps the door closed on purpose. It is a rehearsal. She is preparing her son for their new neighbours. â€Å"What if they complain ab out him making a noise,† she says. For the past one year, ever since the Nairs shifted from their 100-square-foot chawl room into a 225-square-foot flat, little Neeraj has learnt to entertain himself at home. His tutelage began from their days in the transit camp two years ago, when the Nairs watched their two-floor decrepit chawl in south Mumbai transform into a nine-storey giant.It was a difficult transition, but it was also called ‘the good life'. Their new apartment has assured them all the things they lacked attached bathroom, separate kitchen, privacy and respect. And a loft that is now filled with utensils instead of people. They have even bought a refrigerator. But Edna is already feeling suffocated. She misses evening chats with other women in the common balcony and worries about expenses. Before they moved in, her sister, who lives in a small flat in Andheri, had warned her about huge maintenance bills and other costs that come with the â€Å"flat system†.Edna knew that once the building was fully ready and they moved in, her 72-rupee monthly chawl rent would soon be history. â€Å"Why should we show that we are rich when we aren't? † asks Edna wondering if it was a good decision to move into a flat. But her mother, Teresa, is happy. For someone who spent 38 years in the chawls delivering milk packets, Teresa didn't want the same life for her grandson. â€Å"I want him to study English in a good school,† she says and the apartment, she believes, takes him a step closer to the kind of life he should lead in the future.It's the case with almost all the families who are giving up their old dwellings in chawls and slums to builders who assure them fantastic lifestyle leaps. While the change from their routine to something that they have only seen on TV seems daunting, there is a strong urge among these people to improve their lives. They yield to the builders and watch their old homes being demolished because they don't w ant their children to suffer. Housewife Suguna Shetty, who would earlier divert all guests to her brother-in-law's flat in Parel to save herself from the embarrassment of exposing her chawl, is now proud of her new residence.The lift in her building doesn't work most of the time, but Shetty who stays on the ninth floor takes heart in the fact that her TV, which used to be on a trunk earlier, now rests in a showcase. Her daughter Deeksha too, likes it here. â€Å"I can ask friends to come over. † Deeksha knows of kids who, while returning from school would actually walk a few steps ahead of their chawls so that their friends would not know where they lived, wave goodbye and then return to the real homes. BMC employee Ravikant Baokar was one of them. â€Å"Nobody likes to say they live in a chawl.If you say you stay in a building, you are automatically respected no matter how small your flat is,† he says. This respect comes in handy while finding alliances. Recently, whe n an engineering student from Baokar's chawl told his prospect's family that he would soon be shifting into a flat, the girl, it seems, immediately agreed for marriage. For slum-dwellers, the shift inspires a desire to look after themselves. LIC agent Raju Gaddam, a resident of Indira Nagar slum, who shifted to a flat two years ago says his language and attire have undergone major changes. I even painted my scooter, when I came here. † His apartment, which he proudly describes as â€Å"east-west† facing, gave him the confidence to buy a refrigerator. â€Å"I wouldn't have bought it in my slum, because I didn't know when my house would be broken down. † Not everybody is happy though. Some find the flat culture very impersonal. They miss the joys of hanging out with their shirtless friends in the compound or borrowing chairs without permission from neighbours anymore. Pandal decorator Rakesh Gautam, whose assistants used to sleep in his house, now has to find a new room for them, due to society rules.Earlier, during festivals or weddings, he would volunteer to decorate mandaps for free. Though he would like to continue the charity, Gautam says, â€Å"I won't be able to use the compound for my decorations anymore. † On his assignments, Gautam has come across other chawl members who shifted a few years earlier. â€Å"They would live in the building in pretty much the same way as in the chawl, until new tenants came in,† he says, laughing. Some would put their cupboards in the stair landing. Kids would brush their teeth in the elevator.The liftman wouldn't complain. â€Å"But when the society was formed, and new tenants came in, things changed,† says Gautam. By now, builders know they are luring people who like to carry their world along, wherever they go. Sudhir Das, secretary of a building full of rehabilitated slum-dwellers, recalls his intensive cleanliness drive. â€Å"Initially, people would spit on the staircase or h ang their clothes in the passage,† he says. They would even keep their doors open. But that changed when there was a robbery. Now, almost all doors are shut.The transition from chawls to flats, unexpectedly, has caused ailments too. Lakshmi Sonar says, â€Å"I have severe back pains and have even grown fat here, as I am confined to these walls. † Also, she doesn't know how to react to sweepers or postmen who ring her doorbell asking for Diwali bonus. â€Å"I hardly get any letters, why should I pay him. † Sunny Wadhawan, director of HDIL (Housing Development and Infrastructure Ltd. ) which profits from slum rehabilitation, has built his glassy office building on what used to be the Indira Nagar slum in Bandra.Every day, Sunny who has a guard following him everywhere, faces many complaints from irate slum-dwellers, who are like his â€Å"adopted children†. They sometimes come with complaints of water supply and Sunny calmly passes the task to civic bodies. Yet, it's not surprising why poor people want to trust a builder and allow a lucky draw to decide their new notional homes. Though they loved the natural rustic warmth of their chawls and slums, they know that Mumbai and the times have changed. They know that the warmth of the chawls is the warmth of failure.And they also feel, in the present day boom, their children have the opportunity to escape from the poverty that each of their forefathers suffered. If moving into a flat can make an LIC agent paint his scooter, it can also make children believe they have a brighter future. Raju Gaddam, who studied in night school, now sends his three kids to New English school in Bandra. The products of the school, he believes, are now earning Rs 50,000 to Rs 1 lakh a month. He has just one complaint with the flat culture. â€Å"The passage is too narrow. But then as an afterthought, he adds, â€Å"It's definitely better than a gutter. † Festivals Festivals are the life of the people in chawls. They cannot imagine their life without celebrating anything in their special chawl ways. They regardless of caste, region, religions, sex, creed, age participate in some or the other way. Everyone works single mindedly for the celebrations from preparing the feast to decorations. Everyone contributes in every possible way. Festivals were the most enjoyable period. First festival of the year is Makarsankranti Makarsankranti i. e.Kite flying on 14 Jan. They gather on terraces and it is fun filled day, they give â€Å"Tilgud† going to eachothers house wishing everyone â€Å"Tilgud Ghya God God Bola†( eat sweet and talk sweet). Holi Holi the favourite festival of many is celebrated with a great enthusiasm and zeel. Even after facing scarcity of water throughout the year but in Holi they use water without any hesitation for playing Holi. Even the Government supports them by supplying extra liters of water for them to take bath in the afternoon. Gopal Kala (Dahi Han di) Monsoon session would start with Govinda.They have Handi which is broken with 3-4 Thars (human floors) This is usually local affair but Govindas from various Mandals also go places to parcipate in the competition for breaking the Handis at different places. Ganesh Utsav Ganpati festival the most lovable and appreciable festival of all is Pride of Place. It is not only a festival but also a source of fulfillment and worshipping where people of different religion come together. This festival is not only celebrated in the maharashtrian homes but by people of every religion with the same intensity and Faith in Lord Ganesha.These Chawls have Sarvajanik Ganesh Utsav Festival and most Marathi homes have Ganpati for 1-7 days and majority of them have Gauri as well. It is 10 days of fun, music, orchestra, competitions,3 act Drama etc culminating in the Grand Visarjan which starts with the grand visarjan pooja and end with immersion of the Ganesh Idols at Chawpathy or beaches till next da y morning, the most difficult part to move and immerse the huge idol requires a great effort and to take it for immersion in deep sea, in darkness with full tide was scary as well.This is difficult also because the emotional trauma they go through while returning home empty handed. In subsequent years focus has moved to huge idols of Ganesh and for them there is nothing to do as cultural programme degenerated to 16 mm movie shows and an evening of orchestra. Navratri Navratri is celebrated by Gujarati residents with Garba and Dandia which is also accompanied by the other members of their Chawl family. They have Dholi and Shehnai and Dandia Ras is more like â€Å"Dholi Tharo†¦ n Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam than what we see these days at Falguni Pathak's show. Diwali Diwali was less noisy-most couldn't afford bursting crackers-and emphasis was on making Kandils usually similar Kandils for entire chawl which gave beautiful look to entire lane and one big Kandil at the enterance of the Chawl. Making sweets, diyas, beautiful Rangolis is a special feature of Diwali. In fact they have Rangoli competition. Entire night is spent in creating Rangoli, some with nationalist or Shivaji themes, others with intricate designs and few with nature as theme.Christmas Christmas and New year were not celebrated as they didn't have Christian families living in the chawls but even then there is a changing trend now a days. YOUTH CULTURE: According to a youngster, who we spoke to, there are many get-togethers taking place in a chawl, as people tend to celebrate their festivals together and also are a part of each other’s sorrows. When we asked him about the places where they usually meet, he told us about what is called the Saarvajanik Vruttpatra Vachanalaya, which also could be called a Public Newspaper Centre.It was rather surprising for us to hear that youngsters choose a place like a newspaper centre to hang out, but what he added on was that, as the place was at the cent re o the colony, and also there was no cost factor involved, it was convenient for the youngsters to meet up in the evenings. We also visited the newspaper centre and sat there for sometime. We saw that there were many newspapers there, but they were either Marathi or Hindi newspapers. This clearly showed that the people staying in the chawls were educated, but in Hindi or Marathi medium schools.And also, what we gathered out of all that is that the majority of the people staying in the chawls are Maharashtrians, and obviously there are people from other castes, but not in huge numbers. We also found out about the small-scale tuition classes, which mainly have students from kindergarten to SSC. These classes have a big market in these chawls, as the parents there are usually working, and they can’t manage the studies of their children. We also spoke to certain friends who stay in chawls. We asked them a few questions regarding the social evils like drugs, prostitution and als o incidents where several crimes are committed on women.They gave us a general idea on things, saying that drugs was not an issue in the chawl as the people there don’t have the kind of time, and more importantly the money to get addicted to drugs. But, it seems that heavy-weight laborers usually drink liquor after they come back from work, and it’s very normal for them to consume alcohol as it lightens their mood, and also relieves them from the stress. Tenement were small so there was no space for residents. You use home to bath,eat food and sleep. Rest of the time you have to be out of the house. So groups were formed according to age and each group had its meeting place.During holidays and vacation half the day was spent in company of friends. With plenty of time on hands you indulge in games-cricket being favorite,but we played Kabbadi,lagori and Marbles. Carrom was very popular,and Table Tennis on small wooden bench. There was no TV, so Radio Ceylon with Binaca G eetmala was hot favorite. We had timeon hand, so could take part in Election campaigns. I remember election meetings of George Fernandes for Lok Sabha. He defeated S. K. Patil of Congress and virtually put an end to Patil's political career in Mumbai. For decades Fernandes was called ‘George the Giant Killer'.In seventy Marathi youth was attracted to Shiv Sena with its ‘Son of soil' ideology. There was constant conflict between socialists and Shiv Sena. Most of us couldn't pursue studies after SSC due to financial constrains. Even passing SSC was tough as at home there was no space to study. We used to go to GMC Gymkhana bldg. on Marine Drive to study. Terrace was another good place. Most got job as clerk in BMC or in Govt. offices. Gujrati boys completed their college education and took jobs in Banks or offices. With hard work and diligence they progressed but couldn't reach very high posts.Very few could break through the Middle class bracket. Caste Systems Residents o f the chawls are predominantly Gujarati and Marwadi,rest are inhabited by Maharastrians. Few of the floor rooms are dorms for those who had come to Mumbai for work leaving their families in village. They work as Mathadi workers and others from Konkan area work as plumbers,painters,peons in small offices. Chawls have Chambhar(Mochi),Bhandari,Khatri,Kasar,Sonar,Brahmins, Desais and Low caste Patels from South Gujarat. There is no caste discrimination. Everyone takes part in Festivals. Even the person who has shoe shop, is in charge of Sarvajanic Ganesh festival .Any Child is not being asked not to play or not to mix with low caste people. Chawl people are aware of the caste but it has no place in their day to day life. This has given Mumbai its unique character. Standard of living: People living in the chawls are mainly from the lower-middle class. They are the ones who actually live lives on meager standards. Normally we do find people living in the societies which consist of the upp er middle class and high class having a high standard of living. They enjoy all the luxuries in life. But this is not the case of the people living in the chawls.Most of the times, they are deprived of the luxuries and rather live life the common man’s way. They rarely go to restaurants to have their meals. According to the survey conducted by us we got to know that the residents of the chawls go to the restaurant just once in two months which is very obvious for them because they cannot afford such kind of expenses. According to the survey, what we found out was that they are people who lead a simple life without any fuss and make the most of whatever they have. Every expense they incur is well planned and thought about. They represent the working class of India.The room is mainly a one room kitchen with a toilet attached as provided by MHADA. We spoke to a youngster who resided in the Nehru Nagar Chawl area which is located near Kurla station. Age Group Wise Activities: Whe n we visited the chawls we decided to categorize the residents living there according to their age group and their activities. 1} Education Class: As the name suggests this class mainly consists of the ones who are still in academics. They are the ones who go to schools and colleges to complete their studies. We may be in an impression that people residing in chawls do not study. But it’s a misconception that we have got.They do work hard and put their hearts out to become prosperous being in the future. But they do have setbacks. Once they sight failure they get distracted from their studies and think money as their only motive. Thus they take up small tasks which yield them money. Thus when studies take a set back they tend to do jobs and that then become a part of their life. 2} Working Class: This class mainly consists of the ones between the age group 30-40. They are the working members of the family. They are the ones who strive hard and earn a living. People living in the chawls do not consider any work small or big.May it be any job; they take it up whole-heartedly and do their work with sincerity. It is their daily bread and butter and hence they do it with dedication. People in the chawls mainly work in small posts. Some of them are agents, private officers, clerks and some of them take up financing and also work in small marketing agencies. Many of them are local garage mechanics who toil the whole day for eating 3 times in a day. They also learn driving and take up driving as their job. The chawl areas do have a lot of drivers. Drivers earn around 4000-5000 every month and carry on their house hold expenses.Many of them get government jobs through influence. For e. g. If a person is already working as a government official, he may use his influence and get a job for his friend. This itself proves the unity within the chawl community. They also do take up small jobs like A/c Mechanic, small electronic goods mechanic etc†¦ 3} Retired and the elderly class: This class consists of the elderly people who have retired from their jobs and have taken a long leave from work. But it is not relief from work for these elderly people. They do get small responsibilities in the house.They do go out to fetch their grand children from schools and kinder gardens. They take care of the small ones if their parents are busy out at work. They look after them the whole day and sometimes also get sleepless nights. But they do enjoy it sometimes but at the same time tends to get very tedious at this very old age. There are some people in this class who have sold their houses and gone to their respective villages to look after their farms. They look after their farms and also sometimes work on it. Thus the elderly and retired people do get to enjoy their long vacation from work but at the same time also work.Thus even at this very old age they have the will power to work and earn a decent sum for the family. Even at this age they prove to be responsible and also help the family in any possible manner. Media and chawls†¦ Still to b added†¦more Katha Centre for Film Studies is back at the Alliance Francaise, Churchgate with a week long program of Film Screenings from Friday, 12th of January to Thursday, 18th of January 2007. After a very successful Inaugural Festival in June 2006, they again bring an eclectic choice of films from the world of cinema specially curate by individuals for whom cinema is a way of life!This festival is in collaboration with the National Film Archives of India, Pane and NFDC. On the 12th and 13th of January, 2007, the Festival began with two days of Indian films dedicated to the theme of Mumbai’s Chawls. Amrit Gangar(a film scholar, writer, curator) had specially put together a package of five feature films, a short film and a compilation on representation of Bombay in films tilted: â€Å"‘CHALCHITRA: CHAWLCHITRA’-:Popular Hindi Cinema and Mumbai's Chawl. † He led an intensive session of discussions and debates on the polemics and politics of space in urban context.They ended the Festival with film enthusiast and cinema buff, Kiran David’s exciting selection which is packed with films from Japanese cinema. Unity In Diversity A Nana Chowk-resident Ranjana Sherlekar said, â€Å"They are so used to being with each other all the time that it’s become a habit. Just the other day, he slipped on a  wet floor while cleaning my kitchen and no one was at home. All he had to scream was ‘help’ and at least ten people came running to his rescue. They’re really like a one big extended family! † she quips.The atmosphere, though filled with camaraderie, may appear a tad stifling to one who has lived in an individual apartment, but it is part of life for chawl residents. For them, living together is their strength Conclusion Change is inevitable â€Å"Change is inevitable, and even the most stable structure cannot avoid that. Chawls have been a victim of changing times: though the occasional bond still remains, its bedrock — which comprised the people who lived there — have all left. They have been replaced by individuals, who have no interest in keeping the community alive,†

Albert Court Motor Lodge

Albert Court Motor Lodge Abstract This report looks into the concepts that should be applied in the management of Albert Court Motor Lodge. This follows the evaluation that was conducted on the performance of the motel. The report gives some recommendations that can be done to make sure that the management and the performance of the motel meet international standards. Some of the concepts recommended are concerned with the location, marketing and the specialization in the services offered.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Albert Court Motor Lodge specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction In this paper, I will look into a hotel which is within the vicinity in town. I will research into the hotels location, operation, management, marketing and specifications. To achieve this there are concepts that are concerned with the management of a hotel such as human resource management, empowerment of the workers and international management of the hotels (Powers, 1995, p. 174). The other concepts to watch are the yields that the hotel gains from the combination of all other concepts. For my project I will look into a motel situated in Hamilton.  The name of the motel is Albert Court Motor Lodge. The motel is owned and operated by Kathryn David Gillingham. In addition, the motel was started in February 2010 meaning that the motel is only one year old. In order to manage the needs of individuals, couples and families who are different they have introduced lodge regulation to take sports team to engage families. Background information The motel is as mentioned above; it is called Albert Court Motor Lodge. It is located in Hamilton city, New Zealand. The location of this business is attractive for residency either for people staying for short period or long term. Some of the scenes are short walking distances to the river and there is a beautiful park next to it. It is located in Hamilton East suburb where there are Hamilton e ast shops. The area is very quiet and adequate for relaxation. In addition, it is very close to the Hamilton CBD. So, it is convenient location for people looking to spend weekends or holidays in Hamilton.  On the view of the marketing strategies it shall be concerned with the target that the motel has in the market. The motel targets travelers who require quality accommodation during the week, and particularly key local national businesses. For instance, Waikato University couples who require executive accommodation to stay for weekends or public holidays will consider staying in the motel.  In addition, the lodge has a Website which provides key information and attitude environment to suit primary target. Furthermore, it has a Channel manager enabling bookings to be made via a number of key websites e.g. Wotif, AA and Jasons.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Advertising in key accommodation publication via AA accommodation Guide, and Jasons Motel Guide is one of their attraction techniques.  To capture the market there is the need to establish the areas the motel is specifically interested in. It is indicted that other than being a lodge, customers can also enjoy the motels luxurious facilities. The motel has apartments that are of style liable to offer comfort and relaxation to its customers. There are a number of selections that a customer can choose from; there are spacious rooms that vary according to the number of rooms that are needed by the customers. Customers can be able to choose from a 1 bedroom to a 2 bedroom units depending on the customers’ preference. What I observed is that the motel has close to 18 units that are kitchenette and are furnished with two hotplates, microwaves, toaster, pots and pans. In addition, the units are technology compliant since they are fitted with internet access ports that will be of h elp to customers who are after business information. They are fitted with wireless network and broadband that is accessible everywhere in the motel. Other facilities offered to keep costumers entertained; they are able to watch sky channels in Wall-mounted 32 LCD TVs and Stereo system with iPod docking. To add convenience to the facilities, they are fitted with air conditioning systems. This will make the rooms more convenient to hold meetings and it will also reduce cases of rooms heating up too much during a hot season. The bathrooms are fitted with efficient facilities that ensure that the customers feel and enjoy the servicers. The bathrooms are large nonslip tile ensuite bathrooms with impressive shower, make-up lights and hairdryer are also provided; and some units have spa bath and/or private courtyard. In addition, some of the executive rooms are fitted with either super-size, super queen-size or supper single beds which are of high quality. Methodology To carry out the rese arch I intend to use observation method. In this case, I will have to go personally to the motel and conduct a physical evaluation. However, there is some information that I will not be able to get from observations only meaning, that I will have to carry out interviews with the management of the motel. There will be a need to interview some of the workers and some customers to comment on the management of the motel and the services offered respectively. After collecting all the information needed, I will need to compile the information and come up with a comprehensive report about the management of the motel.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Albert Court Motor Lodge specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Challenges Some of the challenges that I look forward to encounter are being denied access to the facility and carrying out my research on it. In addition, there is a challenge on obtaining information from customers or the workers at the motel. Also, getting some of the information that may be classified with the organization might be an uphill task since the management might be reluctant in releasing it to me. To overcome some of the challenges it will be important that I obtain necessary authorization from the management. Another thing that can be done to make the process smooth is by making sure that I assure the management that all information that I will obtain from the motel will be used only for my thesis and will be treated with high confidence. In addition, I will make sure that I have created a rapport with the workers before I embark on interviewing them in order to get genuine information to keep me running and find appropriate results. The report will help relate the theoretical aspects learnt in class. After the project, I will be in a position to offer adequate advice to the management in places that I will discover that they are going short of information. The project will also hel p me upgrade the necessary facilities that are of help to me and the management. Project Report From the research that was conducted on a motel by the name of Albert Court Motor Lodge, it was observed that there are places in the management of the motel that require changes so as to attain the desired changes in the management of the facility. The results also indicate that with adequate concepts put in place, it is possible to maximize utilization of the motel according to its position and how it is being managed. The concept applied in the management mostly refers to the size of the market as well as the size of the motel. It is also related to the position of the motel and also according to the marketing strategies that have been put in place. The results also indicated that there is a need to watch the performance of the workforce that should be done under the watch of the human resource management. I will put across recommendations that needs be applied to the human resource ma nagement team to come up with the needed strategies in management. Marketing It is evident that hotels are involved with services; the services rendered to their customers are intangible. The other characteristics of the services rendered to the customers are that they are perishable, variable and are inseparable (Booms Bitner, 1981, p. 47). Developments observed in the world are in most cases shifting towards services industry. This makes motels and hotels a viable investment in the world to day (Booms Bitner, 1981, p. 47). The shift in the needs of the economy is as a result of there being a lot of disposable income among the society which has brought about the fact that there are more needs for leisure and recreation services (Booms Bitner, 1981, p. 47). The changes indicated are also applicable in China where the economy is registering an increase in time needed to relax and the best place to do so is at the hotels or motels (Booms Bitner, 1981, p. 47).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite the fact that there is an increasing need for services, there is also a need to understand the types of products that our motel is dealing with. To attain the intended market size and the needed influence of the market, there is a need to consider aspects of market mix. There is a need to consider; the products, price, promotion and the place (Brien Jeannie, 1993, p. 130). Albert Court Motor Lodge should focus on the product it offers to the customers. Meaning, it should be sure that the services are what is needed by the customers. However, the evaluation of the products that are the services; it is hard to determine the complexity of the products. For a service industry, it will add other three Ps to make them to 7Ps of market management (Jagels Coltman, 2004, p. 232). The concepts to be considered are the participants, physical evidence and the process. Therefore, our company should be very careful to look into the approach that it takes to look at the marketing strateg ies. The strategies in most cases are guided by the basic needs of human wants, needs and demand. The needs are concerned about the basic needs of human beings that are shelter, food and clothing (Jagels Coltman, 2004, p. 232). To consider the needs, the company should also consider the cultural diversity of the target market. Wants are things that the market analyst will have decided as the needs for the community while on the other hand; demand is the buying power of the market. The buying power of the market will help us in pricing of our commodities and goods. It is very important that the motel have to understand what the customers are willing to spend in order to get the services being provided (Jagels Coltman, 2004, p. 232). The motel management should appreciate the fact the need to purchase hotel services is contributed by the need or the urge that is as a result of a television commercial (Jagels Coltman, 2004, p. 232). This translates to the fact that Albert Court Moto r Lodge should invest into marketing promotion and exhibitions that will help in advertising their commodities.  It is also important that the motel management gets to know how their customers do select their products (Lawson, 1995, p. 27). It is also important to know why a customer will not choose a bed suit from another motel and select their products. It should be understood that the perception a guest may have on a motel may change suddenly after the experience or by word of mouth from another customer (Lawson, 1995, p. 27). This will mean that the management should not compromise on the quality of services they offer to at all times. It is important that the management will consider adding more facilities and fittings to the rooms to make them more competitive in the market. It is also important that Albert Court Motor Lodge carries out an interactive discussion with the customers to ascertain their needs as they come into the motel. Such interactions will help the managemen t respond to them as they are wants, this makes sure that the motel is always leading in terms of quality services. This is true since most of the customers come from a different background making them the best source of information that is vital to the maintenance of the services integrity (Lewis, 1984, p. 26). In order to best understand the needs of the customers, market segmentation will be advised.  Market segmentation will target the specific needs of the customers in different markets. Albert Court Motor Lodge management should be able to discover all the needs of different customers (Biehal, 1983, p. 83). Since we are involved with housing and motel services we should segment our floors to have different prices and different services in the rooms. The services could range from either colour used in the rooms being different or different services could be fitted in different rooms. Such a diverse nature of rooms should be secured in a manner that will be beneficial to a vas t group of customers that have different tastes and purchasing power (Biehal, 1983, p. 83). In this we shall be able to widen our customer base and at the same time perfect our performance. When segmenting the market, we should be specific on the criteria we use to select the market. Our motel can target only the locals, foreigners or both. This will be concerned about the location of the motel. Targeting only the foreigners will not work for our motel since Hamilton is not a tourist hub. The steps involved in market segmentation takes into consideration the consumption power of the target market (Wearne Marrison, 1996, p. 235). However, the process does not take into consideration the differences in each segment; this will obscure the management from comprehending the best practises of the market. The appropriate methods to market segmentation should be performed via demographic segmentation in terms of age, life stages, income and gender. It is important to get the statistics of the group of customers that does migrate into the area and the special needs they have that we can serve (Wearne Marrison, 1996, p. 235).  Another concept to be considered under marketing is differentiation of the products; differentiation means that one needs to make his products different from those offered by the competitors (Wearne Marrison, 1996, p. 235). In this regard, we perceive that the demand will be created by the customers. When attending to the differences, it is important that the differences not be attended to the same way. Since the products offered by the hotels are not tangible, the differences will not be in the products directly but they will be in the form of processing the products. It is believed that the differences in the products will create awareness in the mind of the customers (Wearne Marrison, 1996, p. 235). Our motel, being situated in a busy town will be focused on the facilities that are vital to adding the quality to life and the management is very vital to these services. Product differentiation can be achieved with the help of creating a website where the comments of the customers can be posted and responded to according to the needs of the customers. According to Wearne and Marrison indicated that the method is the cheapest (1996, p. 236). The method attracts customers and determines if the customers are long term or only for a short time.  Under marketing it is important that our motel creates an emotional attachment with the customers (Barsky Nash, 2002, p. 40). This is as a result of the fact that customers that are attached emotionally to the hotel are likely to come back again. From the influence of the emotions, it is possible to cause an attachment that will affect the changes in the administration of the hotel (Barsky Nash, 2002, p. 40).  The other field to check under marketing is the relationship between the customers and the management (Lewis, 1984, p. 29). The management should be concerned about cre ating a good customer care since they are the first contact between potential customers and the motel. In addition, room service personnel should be courteous and honest such that they cannot interfere with the customer’s personal effects. The mandate should be left in the hands of the supervisors to ensure that staffs working under their lines are competent and reliable at all times. Despite the fact they are the initial contacts with the company, they are also the images that shows the effective management of a company. When the staffs are not well behaved they will always fail the management. This further indicates that the management of the company has created a communications channel with their employees (Lewis, 1984, p. 30). Location Since we do not wish to change the location of our company, the company will have to make sure that the location of the market is taken care of by the management. When looking at the feasibility of putting up a hotel or motel, the location is very vital and it should be ensured that the management conducts a feasibility study on the location of the facility. It research shows that the location of the motel will dictate the rates of the rooms (Plog, 2001, p. 18). When the rooms are located close to business meeting venues, it will be helpful in the determination of the rates to put across. For our motel, we can consider setting up the rooms at a place that is much far from town; here we shall include meeting points and other facilities that are vital in consideration of the market (Pearce, 1995, p. 217). Such conference halls will attract business meetings that will further consider using our other facilities such as rooms and food. The other change that may be made to the location of the hotel is changing the appearance of the hotel. The strategic positioning of the hotel can change over time and it will depend on the future plans that are meant to help the performance of the hotel (Pearce, 1995, p. 220). It is true t hat the position of the hotel can determine its survival but still, the conception created by the customers’ matters greatly. Albert Court Motor Lodge management should focus on creating a positive conception with the guests. I recommend that the management be very critical in ensuring that guests’ needs and wants are met; this will be achieved by having a comprehensive relationship with the customers and ensuring that their complains are taken care of. If the hotel is placed at a place that is continuously experiencing shifts in the number guests, the management have to consider either selling the premises to a different investor, this will help in attaining an appropriate price refund, but this should not be an attempt to reshuffle the investment (Pearce, 1995, p. 220). Another aspect under location is the development of the hotel at the same place without moving it to a different place; it should be considered to achieve the intended customers’ confidence. Th e motel management can be able to target a different hotel in the market where the parent motel, Albert Court Motor Lodge will mortgage the land or an existing facility. They can hire and improve the facilities to make it applicable to more customers and serve different needs. In addition, the location of the motel should be guided by social classes of the place (Pearce, 1995, p. 220). The concept can be applied by Albert Court Motor Lodge to determine the best location of the motel depending on the place where it is located and the social classes around the motel. When the motel is designed to attract a certain group of the social class it should be located at a place that it accessible to them easily and in an environment that is reliable to them (Plog, 2001, p. 27).  The other concept to consider in the location of the motel is the employment opportunities it will create to the neighbours. It is important that it is placed at a place that will offer potential positive aspects t o the motel. It should also be known that the setting up of the motel at a place will cause socioeconomic factors of the society. Human Resource Management It is within notice of many that many motels use part-time employment instead of using fulltime employment. The reasons that are contributing to using part-time employment are that the employer will not have long term attachments with the employees (Stamper Van Dyne, 2003, p. 34). However, the activity has negative consequences such as; employees employed part-time do not have commitment to the work and they will always come to get their pay and go back. Employing part-time employees will create a turnover effect that is more than employing them on a permanent basis. Due to the lack of commitment to the hotel, there is no adequate communication between the management and the employees. It is also evident all the part-time employees are less concerned about the well being of the hotel (Stamper Van Dyne, 2003, p. 34). In the mote l, it is important that the management get involved in ensuring that all the employees are well trained in matters that pertain to showing respect to their place of work as well as the customers.  Research conducted showed that part-time workers in most cases exhibit the critical work attitude and ethic than the full-time workers (Stamper Van Dyne, 2003, p. 34). Some of the workers are shown to contribute highly to the welfare at the work place. It should be noted that most of the managers usually look down upon part-time workers since they see as less committed to their work despite the fact that they are always doing the same job as the rest of the workers who are employed full-time (Stamper Van Dyne, 2003, p. 34). There is over simplification of the concept that most of the motel employees are not educated. The oversimplification has contributed to the fact most of the customers will always complain that the staffs are not competent and that they do not measure up to have a c onversation with the customers (Stamper Van Dyne, 2003, p. 36). To avoid the oversimplification, our motel should be focused on ensuring that it employs trained personnel who are competent with their work. This will also call for training of workers who have stayed in the company for long or who were previously employed in a manner that merit was not considered. The other recommendation I should make to the management is that there should be refresher courses that will make sure that the workers are taught on the need for security and other management problems (Stamper Van Dyne, 2003, p. 34). It is also important that the motel get to tap its manpower from the available trained resources from Hamilton. To ensure that the staffs of the motel have the same training and they respond to issues in a similar manner, there should be common courses that are taught to the workers before they are hired. The other concept to consider is the occupancy of the manpower, it is important to consi der the condition that the workers are living at, despite the fact that such an act will be taken as an intrusion into the private life of the staff (Simons Hinkin, 1992, p. 66). It is very important that the staffs employed are people who are presentable and are concerned about their personal grooming (Simons Hinkin, 1992, p. 66). The other issue that is very common among the workers is the issue of the work week. Most of the employees need to have a rest day within a week. It is always important that the off-day be communicated to the employees before they sign their contract letters (Johnson, 1998, p. 32). This will reduce chances of future disagreements when the employees are being posted according to their duty roster. This should also include the job rotation schedule that it should be done in a manner that it does not oppress the employee (Oliver, 1996, p. 253). It will give them the peace of mind as they work in the motel which will be a perfect means of ensuring that ther e is efficiency in the motel (Jone, 1990, p.147). Empowerment of the Employees The other concept that should be considered in the management of the lodge is the empowerment of the employees to make them feel important to the company this also will make them more responsible (Brymer, 1991, p. 60). The motel should adopt the process of decentralization of decision making; ideas should be contributed by all the workers and every stakeholder in the management of the motel (Hales Klidas, 1998, p. 88). I also advise that the workers in the motel be allowed to create groups that will be representing them to the managerial committees. (Prado, 2001, p. 789; Lashley, 2001, p. 343) Conclusion It is important that the management of the motel take into consideration the importance of marketing strategies that will take the motel to the higher levels. The location of the motel is vital in the determination of the future of the motel as well upgrading it to focus on other targets of the market. I n addition, human resource management should be careful in ensuring that they hire the most competent workers who will upgrade the level of the services offered. This also includes the empowerment of the workers, to raise their commitment while discharging of their duties. References Barsky, J., Nash, L. (2002). Evoking emotion: Affective keys to hotel loyalty. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 43(1), 39-46. Biehal, G. J. (1983). 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